The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The relationships between traumatic stress and self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, remain to be fully explored, especially in refugees, who frequently are exposed to a multitude of stressors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate shame and guilt in refugee minors and to assess to what extent a greater cumulative exposure to traumatic stressors would result not only in more severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms but also in higher levels of shame and guilt. METHODS: Thirty-two male refugee minors, who were all below the age of 18 when they sought asylum in Germany, agreed to participate. At the time of the assessment, the age ranged from 11 to 20 years. Eighteen refugees had arrived without relatives in their host country ("unaccompanied minors"). In structured diagnostic interviews, a PTSD diagnosis was established using the UCLA PTSD Index. Posttraumatic guilt was assessed by means of the Trauma-related Guilt Inventory, and the Shame Variability Questionnaire was used to record the intensity, duration, and frequency of shame episodes. RESULTS: Feelings of guilt and shame as well as trauma symptoms were all associated with the number of traumatic event types subjects had experienced. Posttraumatic guilt and shame were both correlated with PTSD symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that cumulative stress such as exposure to multiple traumatic events poses a risk factor for the mental health including greater suffering and functional impairment due to shame and guilt.
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Sociotherapy is an effective approach, contributing to improved social cohesion, beneficial changes in participants' lives, and new life orientation.
“These results are supported by previous studies that showed sociotherapy is an effective approach, contributing to improved social cohesion, beneficial changes in participants’ lives, and new life orientation [57].”
From Contribution of community-based sociotherapy interventions for the psychological well-being of Rwandan youths born to genocide perpetrators and survivors: analysis of the stories telling of a sociotherapy approach (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
The Discussion (page not provided) examines trauma, shame, guilt, and social inclusion among refugee minors. Searches for sociotherapy, social cohesion, and life orientation found no passage assessing sociotherapy or reporting the claimed changes in participants’ lives. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSociotherapy reflected the inner thoughts of the participants, and was effective in reconstructing families and communities.
“These results were similar to those found in previous studies that indicated that sociotherapy reflected the inner thoughts of the participants, and was effective in reconstructing families and communities [57].”
From Contribution of community-based sociotherapy interventions for the psychological well-being of Rwandan youths born to genocide perpetrators and survivors: analysis of the stories telling of a sociotherapy approach (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
The Discussion describes associations among trauma exposure, shame, guilt, and PTSD in refugee minors, not sociotherapy. Searches for sociotherapy and family or community reconstruction found no passage addressing the claimed effects; the Methods describe interviews rather than a sociotherapy intervention. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Stotz, S. J., Elbert, T., Müller, V., & Schauer, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stotz, Sabrina J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-06-22
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25863-25863
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4478074
- OpenAlex
- W1540634987
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 14.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- refugee minors, shame, guilt, post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic stress, cumulative trauma, unaccompanied minors, self-conscious emotions, asylum seekers, mental health risk factors
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