Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: a debate piece
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Asylum seekers and refugees have been claimed to be at increased risk of developing complex posttraumatic stress disorder (complex PTSD). Consequently, it has been recommended that refugees be treated with present-centred or phased treatment rather than stand-alone trauma-focused treatment. This recommendation has contributed to a clinical practice of delaying or waiving trauma-focused treatment in refugees with PTSD. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this debate piece is to defend two theses: (1) that complex trauma leads to complex PTSD in a minority of refugees only and (2) that trauma-focused treatment should be offered to all refugees who seek treatment for PTSD. METHODS: The first thesis is defended by comparing data on the prevalence of complex PTSD in refugees to those in other trauma-exposed populations, using studies derived from a systematic review. The second thesis is defended using conclusions of systematic reviews and a meta-analysis of the efficacy of psychotherapeutic treatment in refugees. RESULTS: Research shows that refugees are more likely to meet a regular PTSD diagnosis or no diagnosis than a complex PTSD diagnosis and that prevalence of complex PTSD in refugees is relatively low compared to that in survivors of childhood trauma. Effect sizes for trauma-focused treatment in refugees, especially narrative exposure therapy (NET) and culturally adapted cognitive-behaviour therapy (CA-CBT), have consistently been found to be high. CONCLUSIONS: Complex PTSD in refugees should not be assumed to be present on the basis of complex traumatic experiences but should be carefully diagnosed using a validated interview. In line with treatment guidelines for PTSD, a course of trauma-focused treatment should be offered to all refugees seeking treatment for PTSD, including asylum seekers.
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The treatment evidence base for help-seeking refugees and asylum seekers is sparse and limited mainly to trauma-specific treatments.
“The treatment evidence base for help-seeking refugees and asylum seekers is sparse and limited mainly to trauma-specific treatments [13–16]”
From A brief transdiagnostic psychological intervention for Afghan asylum seekers and refugees in Austria: A randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Section II (page not provided) says randomized evidence is absent for phase-based treatment and that a review found evidence of efficacy only for trauma-focused interventions, supporting the claim that the evidence is concentrated on those treatments. It also describes numerous trials and reviews and an accumulating evidence base, so it does not clearly support calling the treatment evidence base sparse overall. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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”Sanoja ymmärrän, mutta kokonaisuutta en.” Tapaustutkimus ITQ-kyselyn käytöstä pakolaispotilailla
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- Authors
- Heide, F. J. J. T., Mooren, T. M., & Kleber, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group (NL)
- Foundation Centrum'45, Oegstgeest/Diemen, The Netherlands | Partner in Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Heide, F. Jackie June ter
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-02-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28687-28687
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4756628
- OpenAlex
- W2262958859
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 18.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- complex PTSD, refugees, asylum seekers, trauma-focused psychotherapy, complex trauma, PTSD prevalence, narrative exposure therapy, treatment efficacy
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