A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM‐5

Resick, Patricia A.; Bovin, Michelle J.; Calloway, Amber L.; Dick, Alexandra M.; King, Matthew W.; Mitchell, Karen S.; Suvak, Michael K.; Wells, Stephanie Y.; Stirman, Shannon Wiltsey; Wolf, Erika J.

doi:10.1002/jts.21699

Cited by 365Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM‐5

Resick, Patricia A., Bovin, Michelle J., Calloway, Amber L., Dick, Alexandra M., King, Matthew W., Mitchell, Karen S., Suvak, Michael K., Wells, Stephanie Y. +2 more·2012·Journal of Traumatic Stress

DOI 10.1002/jts.21699

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Abstract

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has been proposed as a diagnosis for capturing the diverse clusters of symptoms observed in survivors of prolonged trauma that are outside the current definition of PTSD. Introducing a new diagnosis requires a high standard of evidence, including a clear definition of the disorder, reliable and valid assessment measures, support for convergent and discriminant validity, and incremental validity with respect to implications for treatment planning and outcome. In this article, the extant literature on CPTSD is reviewed within the framework of construct validity to evaluate the proposed diagnosis on these criteria. Although the efforts in support of CPTSD have brought much needed attention to limitations in the trauma literature, we conclude that available evidence does not support a new diagnostic category at this time. Some directions for future research are suggested.

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A recent review identified a potential symptom overlap such that the complex PTSD symptom set may not represent a distinct diagnosis but rather the presence of PTSD comorbid with borderline personality disorder (BPD).
“Finally, a recent review (Resick et al., 2012) has identified a potential symptom overlap such that the complex PTSD symptom set may not represent a distinct diagnosis but rather the presence of PTSD comorbid with borderline personality disorder (BPD).”
From Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis (2013) · cites this paper as Resick et al., 2012

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Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis
Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
“Finally, a recent review (Resick et al., 2012) has identified a potential symptom overlap such that the complex PTSD symptom set may not represent a distinct diagnosis but rather the presence of PTSD comorbid with borderline personality disorder (BPD).”
Background
CUMULATIVE TRAUMAS AND RISK THRESHOLDS: 12-MONTH PTSD IN THE WORLD MENTAL HEALTH (WMH) SURVEYS: Cumulative Trauma and PTSD
Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, L., Shahly, V., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22169 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5 : Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next
Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21840 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMPLEX PTSD IN ADULTS
de Jongh, A., Resick, P. A., Zoellner, L. A., van Minnen, A., Lee, C., Monson, C., Foa, E. B., Wheeler, K., ten Broeke, E. T., Feeny, N., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22469 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citation
Continuous Traumatic Stress: Expanding the Lexicon of Traumatic Stress
Eagle, G., & Kaminer, D. (2013) · Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032485 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review
Leenarts, L. E. W., Diehle, J., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Jansma, E. P., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0367-5 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
ICD–11 Complex PTSD in U.S. National and Veteran Samples: Prevalence and Structural Associations With PTSD
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614545480 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citation
When Nowhere Is Safe: Interpersonal Trauma and Attachment Adversity as Antecedents of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Developmental Trauma Disorder
Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22320 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20960 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Coping, Emotion Regulation, and Self-Blame as Mediators of Sexual Abuse and Psychological Symptoms in Adult Sexual Assault
Ullman, S. E., Peter-Hagene, L. C., & Relyea, M. (2014) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.864747 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Emotions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder
McLean, C. P., & Foa, E. B. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.006 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Complex <scp>PTSD</scp> as proposed for <scp>ICD</scp> ‐11: validation of a new disorder in children and adolescents and their response to Trauma‐Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Sachser, C., Keller, F., & Goldbeck, L. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12640 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PTSD: FEAR, DYSPHORIA, AND DISTRESS
Zoellner, L. A., Pruitt, L. D., Farach, F. J., & Jun, J. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22133 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 : Clinical and Behavioral Correlates
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22272 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The association of posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder from a network analytical perspective
Knefel, M., Tran, U. S., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Evidence for two different ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents and young adults
Perkonigg, A., Höfler, M., Cloitre, M., Wittchen, H.-U., Trautmann, S., & Maercker, A. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0639-4 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents
Smith, P. A., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12983 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Comorbidity between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review
Frías, Á., & Palma, C. (2015) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000363145 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The factor structure of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees
Nickerson, A., Cloître, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Morina, N., & Schick, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.33253 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) and post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the DTD field trial
van Der Kolk, B., Ford, J. D., & Spinazzola, J. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1562841 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
An evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse
Knefel, M., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.22608 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11
Brewin, C. R. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Trauma and Dissociation: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Spiegel, D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0434-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma?
Giourou, E., Σκώκου, Μ., Andrew, S. P., Alexopoulou, K. I., Gourzis, P., & Jelastopulu, E. (2018) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i1.12 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Laboratory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: The elusive bridge to translation
Dunsmoor, J. E., Cisler, J. M., Fonzo, G. A., Creech, S. K., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Trauma-focused treatment outcome for complex PTSD patients: results of an intensive treatment programme
Voorendonk, E. M., de Jongh, A., Rozendaal, L., & van Minnen, A. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1783955 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Examining the Discriminant Validity of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: Results From a United Kingdom Population Sample
Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22444 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Development of the new CPTSD diagnosis for ICD-11
Maercker, A. R. A. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00148-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: a latent profile analysis
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., & Witte, T. K. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21933 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Does one size fit all? Nosological, clinical, and scientific implications of variations in PTSD Criterion A
Stein, J. Y., Wilmot, D., & Solomon, Z. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adolescents Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Childhood Sexual or Physical Abuse: A Pilot Study
Matulis, S., Resick, P. A., Rosner, R., & Steil, R. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0156-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation
Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder
van Dijke, A., Hopman, J. A. B., & Ford, J. D. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1400878 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Secondary psychotic features in refugees diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder: a retrospective cohort study
Nygaard, M., Sonne, C., & Carlsson, J. M. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1166-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Challenges in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: towards integration of evidence-based treatments with contextual and culture-sensitive perspectives
Drožđek, B. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.24750 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Distinguishing Complex PTSD from Borderline Personality Disorder among individuals with a history of sexual trauma: A latent class analysis
Frost, R., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2020) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.08.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Impact of Specific and Complex Trauma on the Mental Health of Homeless Youth
Wong, C. F., Clark, L. F., & Marlotte, L. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514556770 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The memory and identity theory of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder.
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., & Brewin, C. R. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000418 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Differential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women
Powers, A. D., Fani, N., Carter, S. E., Cross, D., Cloître, M., & Bradley, B. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1338914 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Testing the validity of the proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria using a sample from Northern Uganda
Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Dokkedahl, S., & Shevlin, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.32678 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: a debate piece
Heide, F. J. J. T., Mooren, T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28687 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Does dissociation moderate treatment outcomes of narrative exposure therapy for PTSD? A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled clinical trial
Halvorsen, J. Ø., Stenmark, H. I., Neuner, F., & Nordahl, H. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Complex trauma
Kliethermes, M., Schacht, M., & Drewry, K. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
DSM–5’s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Dissociative Symptoms: Challenges and Future Directions
Dorahy, M. J., & van der Hart, O. (2014) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.908806 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Complex PTSD: research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health
Ford, J. D. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
CPTSD is a distinct entity: Comment on Resick et al. (2012)
Herman, J. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21697 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Psychological Consequences of Human Trafficking: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trafficked Children
Ottisova, L., Smith, P. A., & Oram, S. (2018) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2018.1432555 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Stress and Anxiety
Bystritsky, A., & Kronemyer, D. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The complexity of trauma exposure and response: Profiling PTSD and CPTSD among a refugee sample.
Frost, R., Hyland, P., McCarthy, A., Halpin, R., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2019) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000408 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling in a Trauma-Exposed Urban Sample
Powers, A. D., Petri, J. M., Sleep, C. E., Mekawi, Y., Lathan, E. C., Shebuski, K., Bradley, B., & Fani, N. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102558 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Complex PTSD – a better description for borderline personality disorder?
Kulkarni, J. (2017) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856217700284 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees
Barbieri, A., Visco‐Comandini, F., Fegatelli, D. A., Schepisi, C., Russo, V., Calò, F., Dessì, A., Cannella, G., & Stellacci, A. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1700621 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Addressing childhood trauma in a developmental context
Gregorowski, C., & Seedat, S. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2013.795154 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“No voice or vote:” trauma-coerced attachment in victims of sex trafficking
Doychak, K., & Raghavan, C. (2018) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2018.1518625 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese young adults using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ): A latent profile analysis
Tian, Y., Wu, X., Wang, W., Zhang, D., Yu, Q., & Xianzi, Z. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.017 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Elucidating Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Profiles and Their Correlates Among Women Experiencing Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence: PTSD Symptom Profiles Among IPV-Exposed Women
Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., & Sullivan, T. P. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22100 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
New findings questioning the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD): let’s take a closer look
Ford, J. D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1708145 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Translationally relevant modeling of PTSD in rodents
Matar, M. A., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1687-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Reducing Shame, Promoting Dignity: A Model for the Primary Prevention of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Salter, M., & Hall, H. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020979667 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Seven-Year Follow-Up Study of Symptoms in Asylum Seekers and Refugees With PTSD Treated With Trauma-Focused Groups
Drožđek, B., Kamperman, A. M., Tol, W. A., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22035 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) among adults exposed to ongoing security threats
Goral, A., Feder‐Bubis, P., Lahad, M., Galea, S., O’Rourke, N., & Aharonson‐Daniel, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251724 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Co-morbidity of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
McDermid, J., Sareen, J., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Pagura, J., Spiwak, R. P., & Enns, M. W. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.01.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Complex PTSD: what is the clinical utility of the diagnosis?
Rød, Å. N., & Schmidt, C. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2002028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Long-term treatment gains of a brief exposure-based treatment for PTSD
Thompson‐Hollands, J., Marx, B. P., Lee, D. J., Resick, P. A., & Sloan, D. M. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22825 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
The distinctive neural circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing
Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K. L., Malhi, G., Andrew, E., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003921 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Reshaping Child Welfare’s Response to Trauma
Ai, A. L., Foster, L. J. J., Pecora, P. J., Delaney, N., & Rodriguez, W. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513491835 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Arabic PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL‐C) in women survivors of intimate partner violence
Alhalal, E., Ford‐Gilboe, M., Wong, C. A., & AlBuhairan, F. S. (2017) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21837 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An Affective Cognitive Neuroscience-Based Approach to PTSD Psychotherapy: The TARGET Model
Ford, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.1.68 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM‐5: New criteria and controversies.
Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., & Keane, T. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12070 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Maintenance of treatment gains up to 12-months following a three-week cognitive processing therapy-based intensive PTSD treatment programme for veterans
Held, P., Zalta, A. K., Smith, D. L., Bagley, J. M., Steigerwald, V. L., Boley, R. A., Miller, M. L., Brennan, M. B., Horn, R. V., & Pollack, M. H. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1789324 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Trauma-informed care in child/family welfare services
Wall, L., Higgins, D. J., & Hunter, C. (2016) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The experience and meaning of recovery‐oriented practice for nurses working in acute mental health services
Solomon, B., Sutton, D., & McKenna, B. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12851 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD: The Role of Complex PTSD on Treatment Outcome
Lonergan, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.904467 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Relationship of Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in a Culturally Distinct, Conflict-Affected Population: A Study among West Papuan Refugees Displaced to Papua New Guinea
Silove, D. M., Tay, A. K., Kareth, M., & Rees, S. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00073 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Is legal status impacting outcomes of group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder with male asylum seekers and refugees from Iran and Afghanistan?
Drožđek, B., Kamperman, A. M., Tol, W. A., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-148 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
From child maltreatment to ICD‐11 complex post‐traumatic stress symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and re‐victimisation
Knefel, M., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22655 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Mediator Between Trauma Exposure and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions in North Korean Refugee Youth Resettled in South Korea
Kim, Y. J. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514555864 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Maintaining the Clinical Relevance of Animal Models in Translational Studies of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Cohen, H., Matar, M., & Zohar, J. (2014) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilu006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
How Can Self-Regulation Enhance Our Understanding of Trauma and Dissociation?
Ford, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.769398 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and survivors of human rights violations
McDonnell, M., Robjant, K., & Katona, C. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32835aea9d · Cited by 36 · see citing works
PTSD's factor structure and measurement invariance across subgroups with differing count of trauma types
Contractor, A. A., Caldas, S. V., Dolan, M., Lagdon, S., & Armour, C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.065 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Simplifying complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. (2012)
Bryant, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21696 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Diagnostic Spectrum of Trauma-Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Goldbeck, L., & Jensen, T. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46138-0_1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Personality Dysfunction and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Chronically Traumatized Bosnian Refugees
Palić, S., & Elklit, A. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000079 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Revealing what is distinct by recognising what is common: distinguishing between complex PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms using bifactor modelling
Frost, R., Murphy, J., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Hansen, M., Armour, C., McCarthy, A., Cunningham, T., & McDonagh, T. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1836864 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Traumas and Their Consequences According to Control-Mastery Theory
Fimiani, R., Gazzillo, F., Fiorenza, E., Rodomonti, M., & Silberschatz, G. (2020) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2020.48.2.113 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Complex PTSD in Chinese Adolescents Exposed to Childhood Trauma: A Latent Profile Analysis
Tian, Y., Li, W., Wu, X., & Cheng, X. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211050111 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prevalence of complex post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of human trafficking and modern slavery: a systematic review
Evans, H., Sadhwani, S., Singh, D. N., Robjant, K., & Katona, C. (2022) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2022.01.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Outcomes of Traumatic Exposure
Stoddard, F. J. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Interpersonal Features in Complex Trauma Etiology, Consequences, and Treatment: A Literature Review
Nieuwenhove, K. V., & Meganck, R. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1405316 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Victims of sexual harassment and sexual assault in the military: Understanding risks and promoting recovery
Bell, M. E., Dardis, C. M., Vento, S. A., & Street, A. E. (2017) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000144 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The DSM-5 Got PTSD Right: Comment on Friedman (2013)
Kilpatrick, D. G. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21844 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Working in the Field of Complex Psychological Trauma: A Framework for Personal and Professional Growth, Training, and Supervision
Coleman, A. M., Chouliara, Z., & Currie, K. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518759062 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Does complex PTSD predict or moderate treatment outcomes of three variants of exposure therapy?
Hoeboer, C. M., de Kleine, R. A., Oprel, D. A. C., Schoorl, M., van der Does, W. A. J., & van Minnen, A. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102388 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Similarities between Borderline Personality Disorder and Post traumatic Stress Disorder: evidence from Resting-State Meta-Analysis
Amad, A., Raduà, J., Vaïva, G., Williams, S., & Fovet, T. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Classification and descriptive psychopathology of post-traumatic stress disorder and other stressor-related disorders
Kilpatrick, D. G., Friedman, M. J., & Gilmore, A. K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0078 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in eating disorder treatment‐seekers: Prevalence and associations with symptom severity
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CE Article INVITED ARTICLE A Critical Evaluation of the Complex PTSD Literature: Implications for DSM-5
Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, R. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., & Wolf, E. J. (2012)
Self-citation
Examining the Evidence for Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Clinical Diagnosis
Landy, M. S. H., Wagner, A. C., Brown‐Bowers, A., & Monson, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1002649 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
COMMENT Simplifying Complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. (2012)
Bryant, R. A. (2012)
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11
Brewin, C. R. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.48 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Simplifying complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. (2012)
Bryant, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21696 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Authors: Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., & Wolf, E. J.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
Suffolk University (US)
Corresponding author: Resick, Patricia A.
ORCID: Resick, Patricia A.
Bovin, Michelle J.
Calloway, Amber L.
Mitchell, Karen S.
Suvak, Michael K.
Wells, Stephanie Y.
Stirman, Shannon Wiltsey
Wolf, Erika J.
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 25
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-251
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21699
OpenAlex: W2092378189
Cited by: 365
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 4.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 20 d)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: complex PTSD, DSM-5, diagnostic validity, construct validity, incremental validity, PTSD diagnosis, convergent and discriminant validity, evaluation metrics
MeSH terms: Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Evidence-Based Medicine, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM‐5

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