Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation.
Open accessAbstract
The available potential energy of the atmosphere may be defined as the difference between the total potential energy and the minimum total potential energy which could result from any adiabatic redistribution of mass. It vanishes if the density stratification is horizontal and statically stable everywhere, and is positive otherwise. It is measured approximately by a weighted vertical average of the horizontal variance of temperature. In magnitude it is generally about ten times the total kinetic energy, but less than one per cent of the total potential energy. Under adiabatic flow the sum of the available potential energy and the kinetic energy is conserved, but large increases in available potential energy are usually accompanied by increases in kinetic energy, and therefore involve nonadiabatic effects. Available potential energy may be partitioned into zonal and eddy energy by an analysis of variance of the temperature field. The zonal form may be converted into the eddy form by an eddy-transport of sensible heat toward colder latitudes, while each form may be converted into the corresponding form of kinetic energy. The general circulation is characterized by a conversion of zonal available potential energy, which is generated by low-latitude heating and high-latitude cooling, to eddy available potential energy, to eddy kinetic energy, to zonal kinetic energy.
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The limited thermodynamic efficiency of atmospheres allows only a fraction of the total atmospheric energy uptake to be used to generate eddy kinetic energy.
“But the limited thermodynamic efficiency of atmospheres allows only a fraction of the total atmospheric energy uptake to be used to generate eddy kinetic energy (Lorenz 1955;Peixoto and Oort 1992).”
From Mechanisms of Jet Formation on the Giant Planets (2010) · cites this paper as Lorenz 1955
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- Authors
- Lorenz, E. N.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lorenz, Edward N.
- Venue
- Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
- Publisher
- Stockholm University Press
- Published
- 1955-01-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-167
- ISSN
- 0280-6495 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0870
- OpenAlex
- W2086044846
- Cited by
- 1,227
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- available potential energy, atmospheric general circulation, potential energy, kinetic energy, eddy kinetic energy, eddy heat transport, temperature variance, density stratification, nonadiabatic processes, high-latitude cooling, energy conversion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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