Role of GSK-3β Inhibitors: New Promises and Opportunities for Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was discovered to be a multifunctional enzyme involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including early embryo formation, oncogenesis, as well cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. Several critical cellular processes in the brain are regulated by the GSK-3β, serving as a central switch in the signaling pathways. Dysregulation of GSK-3β kinase has been reported in diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, inflammation, and Huntington's disease. Thus, GSK-3β is widely regarded as a promising target for therapeutic use. The current review article focuses mainly on Alzheimer's disease, an age-related neurodegenerative brain disorder. GSK-3β activation increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) and the development of neurofibrillary tangles that are involved in the disruption of material transport between axons and dendrites. The drug-binding cavities of GSK-3β are explored, and different existing classes of GSK-3β inhibitors are explained in this review. Non-ATP competitive inhibitors, such as allosteric inhibitors, can reduce the side effects compared to ATP-competitive inhibitors. Whereas ATP-competitive inhibitors produce disarrangement of the cytoskeleton, neurofibrillary tangles formation, and lead to the death of neurons, etc. This could be because they are binding to a site separate from ATP. Owing to their interaction in particular and special binding sites, allosteric ligands interact with substrates more selectively, which will be beneficial in resolving drug-induced resistance and also helpful in reducing side effects. Hence, in this review, we focussed on the allosteric GSK-3β inhibitors and discussed their futuristic opportunities as anti-Alzheimer's compounds.
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Tideglusib, an inhibitor of GSK3β, targets tau hyperphosphorylation required for development of tau tangles.
“Tideglusib (NP-031112 (labeled as 13, Figure 5)), an inhibitor of GSK3β, targets tau hyperphosphorylation, which is required for the development of tau tangles [171,172,173].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [172]
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Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
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- Authors
- Shri, S. R., Manandhar, S., Nayak, Y., & Pai, K. S. R.
- Affiliations
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Pai, K Sreedhara Ranganath
- Venue
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Maad Rayan Publishing Company
- Published
- 2023-01-23
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 688-700
- ISSN
- 2228-5881 (ISSN-L)
- 2251-7308
- PMC
- PMC10676556
- OpenAlex
- W4317808953
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- GSK3β, Alzheimer's disease, GSK-3β inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors, ATP-competitive inhibitors, amyloid-beta, neurofibrillary tangles, drug resistance, neurodegeneration, kinase signaling pathways, anti-Alzheimer agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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