CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2Ancient Near East HistoryBiblical Studies and InterpretationEurasian Exchange Networks

Tracing Regime Change during the Transition from the Neo-Babylonian to the Achaemenid Empire at Nippur: Reconstruction of Archives Excavated in 1889

Open access
Schneider, Bernhard·2023·Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures
DOI 10.36253/asiana-1576
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

It is generally assumed that the takeover of Babylonia by the Persian king Cyrus II in 539 BC went relatively smoothly. The current study suggests that at Nippur there might have been hitherto overlooked changes among the higher-ranking officials during the transition of 539 BC. A collection of Neo-Babylonian tablets from the ‘Tablet Hill’ at Nippur is analyzed and its original trench of excavation is pinpointed on the map of the site. Focusing on several dossiers of tablets at ‘Tablet Hill’ from the time of transition around 539 BC it can be shown that further insights can be gained from the unpublished archaeological documentation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper reconstructs the findspots of Neo-Babylonian and early Achaemenid tablets excavated at Nippur in 1889, especially the Arad-Gula dossier from Tablet Hill trench V A′, to argue that the transition to Cyrus in 539 BC may have involved overlooked changes among high-ranking officials. It also uses unpublished archaeological documentation to reject Oppenheim’s identification of a TA level I manor as the residence of the *šandabakku*.

Key findings

  • The Arad-Gula dossier, associated with the Ekur archive, can be localized to the northwest part of Tablet Hill, trench V A′. Its earliest tablet, CBS 3597 (Clay 1908 no. 55), is dated 20 Ulūlu, year 17 of Nabonidus = 17 September 539 BC, and contains the earliest mention of the *šandabakku* Širikti-Ninurta. Arad-Gula son of Šamaš-iqīša acted as *mār šipri* (agent/messenger) of the *šandabakku* and was involved in agriculture and taxation.
  • The last tablet mentioning Širikti-Ninurta as *šandabakku*, 2NT 29, dates to the accession year of Darius I (522/521 BC), not year 1 as previously published. It was found 30 cm below the foundation of TA level I, so the large manor in TA I cannot have been his residence; dated tablets inside that house range from Cyrus year 8 (531/530 BC) to Darius I year 18 (504/503 BC).
  • The Arad-Gula dossier’s last Cambyses-dated text (Clay 1908 no. 71, CBS 3601) is dated 15(?) Nisan, year 8 = 10 April 522 BC, nearly a month after Bardiya/Smerdis was proclaimed king according to the Behistun inscription. Two dossier tablets are dated to year 1/522 BC (2 and 4 September 522 BC), less than a month before Gaumata’s death on 29 September 522 BC; after the accession year of Darius I, information on both Arad-Gula and Širikti-Ninurta is lost. The paper suggests a possible connection to the Bardiya/Smerdis revolt but does not prove it.
  • A separate archive V D, identified as the archive of the sons of Līšir, has an earliest tablet dated 25 Ulūlu, year 17 of Nabonidus = 22 September 539 BC; the rest date from Cyrus year 5 until the reign of Darius I.

Methods

  • Combines unpublished archaeological documentation from the 1889 University of Pennsylvania Nippur expedition—excavation journals, Harper’s tablet lists, maps, the Hilprecht *Schriftlicher Nachlass*, Philadelphia archive materials, and Istanbul transcripts—with published cuneiform texts (e.g., Clay 1908) to reconstruct findspots and archives.
  • Focuses on northwest Tablet Hill (Mound V), trenches V A′ and V D, and later TA/TC; matches Harper find numbers, dates, and tablet descriptions to assign texts to trenches or layers, using prosopography and archive reconstruction.
  • Historical contextualization draws on the Nabonidus Chronicle, the Behistun inscription, and comparative evidence from Uruk, Sippar, and Babylon. Harper’s two lists documented 185 fairly or well-preserved tablets from the first campaign.

Limitations

  • The paper states it is a work-in-progress report at the beginning of the study of the archaeology of the early excavations on Tablet Hill; more results are expected, many tablets remain unidentified or unpublished, and the exact connection of some tablets to the Ekur archive is unknown.
  • The paper states that identification of the original inhabitant of the TA I manor is not possible until further study of the texts; some provenances remain uncertain (e.g., Clay 1908 no. 101 and no. 89), and tablets were dispersed to Istanbul and private collections.
  • Evident from the text: historical claims about pre-invasion placement of officials, possible collaboration, and intelligence are presented as suggestions (“might,” “could”), and the paper says that answering whether Nippur resisted the Persian invaders would be “nothing more than speculation.”

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.36253/asiana-1576

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 86 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    According to Jursa, Arad-Gula, at least in one text attested, acted as an agent, mār šipri, for Širikti-Ninurta, descendant of the Nippurean family Ḫanbu whose members are attested as early as during the reign of Sargon II (706 BC).

    “According to Jursa, Arad-Gula, at least in one text attested (Clay 1908: no.87; Jursa 2005: 110-111), acted as an agent, mār šipri (Akk.), for Širikti-Ninurta, descendant of the Nippurean family Ḫanbu whose members are attested as early as during the reign of Sargon II (706 BC) (Jimenez 2022: 20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jursa 2005: 110-111

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jimenez 2022: 20 source

      The available indexed passages are a publisher’s description of Jiménez’s book, not the discussion on page 20. Searches for Arad-Gula, Širikti-Ninurta, Ḫanbu, Jursa, and the agent title mār šipri found no passage addressing the claim, so the available copy cannot verify it. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The house of Arad-Gula was situated down the hill near the bank of the Mid-City-Canal, the nowadays dried out Shatt en-Nīl canal, which separates the mounds of Nippur in its two main recognizable parts.

    “For this purpose, it was for sure useful that the house of this Arad-Gula was situated down the hill near the bank of the Mid-City-Canal, the nowadays dried out Shatt en-Nīl canal, which separates the mounds of Nippur in its two main recognizable parts (Schneider 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schneider 2022 source

      In “Interpretation and Some Further Remarks” (page not provided), Schneider identifies the present-day Shatt en-Nil wadi with an ancient canal and says it separates Nippur’s two main parts. The paper does not locate Arad-Gula’s house down the hill or near the canal bank; its mention of Arad-Gula in “Political Instrumentalization of the Sanctuary” concerns a dossier, not the house’s location. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Clay 1908, no.55 includes the earliest mention of the šandabakku Širikti-Ninurta.

    “It includes also the earliest mention of the šandabakku Širikti-Ninurta (Joannès 1982: 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Joannès 1982: 3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    Preserved on the earliest Arad-Gula tablet identified as coming from Section V A' (Clay 1908: no.55) was the rest of a sealing, belonging to the native Babylonian style of seals according to Zettler.

    “Preserved on the earliest Arad-Gula tablet identified as coming from Section V A' (Clay 1908: no.55, see above) was the rest of a sealing, belonging to the native Babylonian style of seals according to Zettler (1979).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zettler (1979) source
  • Findingcitation

    Another tablet (Clay 1908: no.55) dated towards the end of Nabonidus' reign can be provenanced by trench.

    “Another tablet (Clay 1908: no.55) dated towards the end of Nabonidus reign can be provenanced by trench.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 40
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Instead of the Nergal gate depicted on the city map, the Murašû texts mention a gate of Ninurta, which would support an identification of the location of the Ninurta temple at the northern part of Westmound.

    “Instead of the Nergal gate which is depicted on the city map, the Murašû texts mention a gate of Ninurta (sum.KÁ(.GAL) LUGAL.(GU 4 .)SI.SÁ) which would support an identification of the location of the Ninurta temple at the northern part of 'Westmound' (Oelsner and Stein 2011: 106;Schneider 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Oelsner and Stein 2011: 106

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Schneider 2022 source

      The section “Conclusions Concerning the Site of the Temple of Ninurta” favors a location on the northern Westmound, possibly Mound I. Our copy does not substantiate the claimed contrast between a Nergal gate on the city map and a Ninurta gate in the Murašû texts; searches for those gates and the Murašû texts found no such passage. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most recent texts from the Northwest part of Tablet Hill are dated in the reign of Artaxerxes I/II and can only serve as an approximate timeframe for occupation during the later Achaemenid period.

    “The most recent texts from the Northwest part of 'Tablet Hill' are dated in the reign of Artaxerxes I/II (466-425 BC//404 BC-358 BC) and can only serve as an approximate timeframe for occupation during the later Achaemenid period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Section V A' was an initial cut along a nose of the northwesternmost part of Tablet Hill, begun on 12 February 1889 alongside another similar cut on the opposite side of the same nose called X by Peters.

    “Section V A', an initial cut along a nose of the northwesternmost part of 'Tablet Hill' was begun on 12 February 1889 alongside another similar cut on the opposite side of the same nose called 'X' by Peters (Clayden 2016: 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clayden 2016: 1

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    All tablets from the Arad-Gula dossier, with the exception of no.101 (probably excavated during the 3rd campaign of 1893-96) and no.89 (without any campaign indicated), were excavated during the first campaign in spring 1889 and come therefore from the Northwest part of Mound V.

    “All tablets from the Arad-Gula dossier, with the exception of no.101 which following Clay (1908) was excavated probably during the 3rd campaign of 1893-96 and no.89 without any campaign indicated, were excavated during the first campaign in spring 1889 and come therefore from the Northwest part of Mound V.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clay (1908)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    After a year of further study, three more tablets can now be identified and shown to belong to the same Ekur archive because of their finddate provided by Harper's lists: a letter sent by Širikti-Ninurta to Gimillu, CBS 3632, and CBS 3631.

    “After a year of further study, three more tablets can now be identified and shown to belong to the same 'Ekur archive' because of their finddate provided by Harpers lists (Westenholz 2020): a letter sent by Širikti-Ninurta (to a certain Gimillu) CBS 3632 (Harpers list I, Ni. 89-2-13-6, 4.8 x 3 cm) first published by Lutz (1919: No. 89; Hackl, Jursa, Schmidl 2014: No. 204).CBS 3631 (Harpers List I,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Westenholz 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lutz 1919: No. 89 source
    • cites Hackl, Jursa, Schmidl 2014: No. 204

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The two preserved Harper lists contained a short description of tablets found throughout the mounds, and 185 fairly or well-preserved tablets were documented in this way.

    “The two preserved lists contained a short description of tablets found throughout the mounds.A number of 185 fairly or well-preserved tablets was documented in this way.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In trench V D, tablets were found together about 11⁄2 metres below the surface, close to a little hole full of ashes; all belonged to the Persian kings except one of Nabonidus.

    “In this trench were also found a number of tablets, all belonging to the Persian kings, excepting one of Nabonidus.They were found together about 1½ metres below the surface, close to a little hole full of ashes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Westenholz 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The earliest datable texts from the Northwest part of Tablet Hill come from the reign of Hammurabi, with a textual gap in the Middle Babylonian period when this part of the mound seems to have been used as a graveyard.

    “According to Harper's lists as well as Peter's reports the earliest datable texts from this part of 'Tablet Hill' come from the reign of Hammurabi, with a textual gap in the Middle Babylonian period when this part of the mound seems to have been used as a graveyard.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The last tablet mentioning Širikti-Ninurta as šandabakku (2NT 29) was reported to be found in TA level I Locus 20, dated to year 1 of Darius I (521 BC) according to the final publication.

    “The last tablet mentioning Širikti-Ninurta as šandabakku (2NT 29) dated to 'year 1' of Darius I (521 BC) according to the final publication of the excavation results was reported to be found in TA level I Locus 20 (McCown and Haines 1967, 76).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McCown and Haines 1967, 76

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Ni. 89-3-14-71 is an unidentified tablet, 4.5 x 5.3 cm, dated on 25th of Ulūlu in the 17th year of Nabonidus (22 September 539), according to Harper.

    “• Ni. 89-3-14-71: Unidentified, 4.5 x 5.3 cm, is dated on 25th of Ulūlu in the 17th year of Nabonidus (22 nd September 539), according to Harper (Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Two tablets from the Ekur-archive (Clay 1908: nos 69 and 78) were excavated on 13 February and therefore come from Mound V trench A'.

    “Two tablets from the Ekur-archive were excavated on 13 th February (Clay 1908: nos 69 and 78) and therefore come from Mound V trench A', whereas two more from 16 th February (Clay 1908: nos 78 and 88) cannot be securely narrowed down to the trench but the fact that they belong to the same archive makes it quite reasonable to assume a similar provenance (Zadok 1986).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zadok 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The earliest tablet from archive V D dates from the end of the reign of Nabonidus (22 September 539 BC); the rest of this archive dates from year 5 of Cyrus until the reign of Darius I.

    “The earliest tablet from this context dates from the end of the reign of Nabonidus (22 nd September 539 BC).The rest of this archive is dating from year 5 of Cyrus until the reign of Darius I (Jursa 2005: 115).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jursa 2005: 115

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At least until the interregnum of Bardiya/Smerdis (522 BC) there were still Assyrians (Aššur-nādin-ahhē) at Nippur, which speaks against a big cleansing in revenge of Nippur's loyalty.

    “At least until the interregnum of Bardiya/Smerdis (522 BC) there were still Assyrians (Aššur-nādin-ahhē) at Nippur which would speak against a big cleansing in revenge of Nippur's loyalty (Clay 1908: no. 101).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clay 1908: no. 101

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    From an archaeological point of view, there seems to be no noticeable hiatus of occupation in the late levels at 'Tablet Hill' (TA I) as well as on the 'Westmound' (WA II).

    “From archaeological point of view there seems to be no noticeable hiatus of occupation in the late levels at 'Tablet Hill' (TA I) as well as on the 'Westmound' (WA II).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Two tablets of the Arad-Gula dossier (Clay 1908: nos.100-101) are dated to the 13th and 15th of Ulūlu (2nd and 4th September 522 BC), less than a month before Gaumata was killed on 10th Tašrītu (29 September 522 BC) according to the Behistun inscription.

    “Interestingly enough, they are dated to the 13 th and 15 th of Ulūlu (2 nd and 4 th September 522 BC) respectively, less than a month before Gaumata, the supposed imposter as Bardiya/Smerdis, was killed on 10 th Tašrītu (29 th September 522 BC) according to the Behistun inscription (Zawadzki 1994: 127;Beaulieu 2014: 17).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Zawadzki 1994: 127

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Beaulieu 2014: 17

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After Širikti-Ninurta's office ended in 522/521 BC, the position of šandabakku ceased to exist, only to reappear in later times where it is attested until 73 BC.

    “After Širikti-Ninurta's office ended in 522/521 BC, the position of šandabakku ceased to exist, only to reappear in later times where it is attested until 73 BC (Zadok 2015: 105).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zadok 2015: 105 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At the Ebabbar temple of Sippar, the last preserved tablet dated to Nabonidus is dated to 11 October 539 BC, a day after the surrender of the city as reported in the Nabonidus Chronicle.

    “At the Ebabbar temple of Sippar the last preserved tablet dated to Nabonidus is dating to 11 th October 539 BC (Waerzeggers 2021b: 81), a day after the surrender of the city as reported in the Nabonidus Chronicle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Waerzeggers 2021b: 81

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    A second phase of construction doubled the size of this building, which is unsurpassed by any other private building of this period at Nippur.

    “A second phase of construction even doubled the size of this building which is unsurpassed by any other private building of this period at Nippur.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At Nippur, the last text from the reign of Cambyses (Clay 1908: no. 71, CBS 3601) belongs to the Arad-Gula dossier within the Ekur archive and is dated to 15(?) Nisan of year 8 (10 April 522 BC).

    “At Nippur the last text from the reign of Cambyses (Clay 1908: no. 71, CBS 3601) 30 belongs to the Arad-Gula dossier within the Ekur archive and is dated to 15 th (?) Nisan of year 8 (Clay 1908: 81), 10 th April, 522 BC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Clay 1908: no. 71

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Clay 1908: 81

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The durability of Širikti-Ninurta's office is often explained with the stability and continuity that the Achaemenids brought, as stated by Briant, giving the Egibi archive of Babylon as an example.

    “The durability of his office is often explained with the stability and continuity that the Achaemenids brought, as, for example, stated by Briant (2002: 71-72), giving also the Egibi archive of Babylon as an example.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Briant (2002: 71-72)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The private cuneiform archive of the Egibi family in Babylon ran without interruption from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II until early in the reign of Xerxes.

    “This archive ran without interruption from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) until early in the reign of Xerxes (486-465 BC).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Briant (2002: 71-72)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This canal existed for much of the history of Nippur, at least up until the Sasanian period.

    “In a recent study it was stated that this canal was existing for much of the history of Nippur, at least up until the Sasanian period (Altaweel et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Altaweel et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Until an identification of this tablet it is not sure if it belongs to the same archive, although the finding circumstances make this possibility quite likely.

    “Until an identification of this tablet it is not sure if it belongs to the same archive although the finding circumstances make this possibility quite likely (Schneider forthcoming b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schneider forthcoming b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Arad-Gula, son of Šamaš-iqīša, is one of the individuals who had business relations with the Enlil Temple of Nippur and was therefore added to the environs of the Ekur archive by Zadok.

    “Arad-Gula, son of Šamaš-iqīša is one of the individuals who had business relations with the Enlil Temple of Nippur and was therefore added to the environs of the 'Ekur archive' by Zadok (1986, 282-286).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zadok (1986, 282-286)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Because of high erosion on the slope of the mound, the re-examinations in trench TC could not further elucidate the dating of levels later than TA level III, and therefore the timeframe concerned in this article (TA level II-I), as not a single dated tablet was found in this limited sounding.

    “Because of the high degree of erosion on this slope of the mound (see below) the re-examinations in trench TC ('Tablet Hill' trench C) immediately to the South-East of trench TA by Armstrong could not further elucidate the dating of the levels later than TA level III, and therefore the timeframe concerned in this article (TA level II-I), as not a single dated tablet was found in this limited s”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Armstrong 1989

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Harper's description of 19 lines is a hint towards such an identification.

    “Harper's description of 19 lines is a hint towards such an identification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Tablet 2NT 29 dates to the accession year of Darius I (522/521 BC), earlier than stated in the publication.

    “Hence tablet 2NT 29 dates to the accession year of Darius I (522/521 BC), and therefore earlier than stated in the publication (McCown and Haines 1967, 76).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McCown and Haines 1967, 76

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This would make it a perfect candidate for a double courtyard house.

    “This would make it a perfect candidate for a 'double courtyard house' (Baker 2014: 19-20;Baker 2015: 382-385).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Baker 2014: 19-20 source
    • cites Baker 2015: 382-385

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Two more tablets from the Ekur-archive (Clay 1908: nos 78 and 88) cannot be securely narrowed down to the trench, but their belonging to the same archive makes a similar provenance quite reasonable.

    “Two tablets from the Ekur-archive were excavated on 13 th February (Clay 1908: nos 69 and 78) and therefore come from Mound V trench A', whereas two more from 16 th February (Clay 1908: nos 78 and 88) cannot be securely narrowed down to the trench but the fact that they belong to the same archive makes it quite reasonable to assume a similar provenance (Zadok 1986).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zadok 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Historians too often accepted the narrative provided by the seemingly native chronicles and uncritically adopted the fact that the inhabitants of Babylonia received the new overlords with open arms.

    “Too often historians accepted the narrative provided by the seemingly 'native' chronicles and uncritically adopted the 'fact' that the inhabitants of Babylonia received the new overlords with open arms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In at least one text Arad-Gula is entitled as the messenger, mār šipri, of the šandabakku, with whom he had close connections according to other texts.

    “In at least one text he is even entitled as the messenger, mār šipri (Akk.) of the šandabakku with whom he had close connections according to other texts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to Clay, both nos 55 and 100 were found probably at Mound V.

    “According to Clay (1908) both nos 55 and 100 were found 'probably' at Mound V.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clay (1908)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The transition from Neo-Babylonian to Achaemenid rule was one of the biggest turning points in ancient Mesopotamian history.

    “As Caroline Waerzeggers has pointed out elsewhere, it was still one of the biggest turning points in ancient Mesopotamian history (Waerzeggers 2015a: 181-222).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Waerzeggers 2015a: 181-222

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    At Nippur it remains at least suspicious that Širikti-Ninurta came into office at the very end of Nabonidus' reign.

    “At Nippur it remains at least suspicious that Širikti-Ninurta came into office at the very end of Nabonidus' reign.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Without this knowledge, the rest of the dated tablets from within the house in TA I range from Cyrus, year 8 (531/530 BC) until Darius I, year 18 (504/503 BC), a period of nearly a generation, and could give the wrong impression that they are in situ.

    “Without this knowledge the rest of the dated tablets from within the house in TA I range from Cyrus, year 8 (531/530 BC) until Darius I, year 18 (504/503 BC) a period of nearly a generation could give the wrong impression that they are in situ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Harper's lists can be helpful to identify single tablets by combining information from the excavation journals with the finding date and description of each tablet.

    “Therefore, Harper's lists 11 can be helpful to identify single tablets, for example, if one combines the information from the excavation journals with the finding date of the tablets including the description of each tablet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    High dignitaries were put out of office during the first year of the reign of Darius I, as for example the legacy of a family which held the position of šatammu of Eanna at Uruk ended in the same year.

    “That high dignitaries were put out of office during the first year of the reign of Darius I would not be so uncommon as, for example, the legacy of a family which held the position of the 'bishop,' šatammu, of the Eanna temple at Uruk, from the last year of Nabonidus (14 th Du'ūzu, 14 th July 539) onwards, ended in the same year (Jur- 29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    For the 16th year of Nabonidus (540/539 BC), the only sure thing in the preserved parts is that someone was defeated in combination with the mention of a river and then the immediate mention of Ištar of Uruk with whether Persia or the Sealand probably following in the next line.

    “The only thing which is sure is that someone was defeated in combination with the mention of a river and then the immediate mention of Ištar of Uruk with whether Persia or the Sealand probably following in the next line (Grayson 1975: 104-111;Glassner 2004: 232-238;Zawadzki 2012; Van der Spek 2020: iii.1-4).26”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Grayson 1975: 104-111

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Glassner 2004: 232-238

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zawadzki 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When Cyrus took out Media (550-549 BC) and probably its neighbors Urartu or Lydia and eventually Gutium, the strategic advantage shifted dramatically in favor of Persia.

    “When Cyrus took out Media (550-549 BC) (Beaulieu 2018, 240) and with it probably also its neighbors Urartu or Lydia and eventually also Gutium, until then serving as a buffer zone between the two empires, the strategic advantage shifted dramatically in favor of Persia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beaulieu 2018, 240

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    That three of the nine tablets within an extensive and important-looking house in trench TA level I mention the šandabakku of Nippur led Oppenheim to see in it the residence of the same.

    “That three of the nine tablets within an 'extensive and important-looking house' (McCown and Haines 1967: 71) in trench TA level I mention the šandabakku of Nippur even led Oppenheim (1985: 569 n. 2) to see in it the residence of the same.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McCown and Haines 1967: 71

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Oppenheim 1985: 569 n. 2 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    As this erosion affected already parts of the house within the borders of trench TA, not much was preserved towards Southeast.

    “As this erosion affected already parts of the house within the borders of the trench TA not much was preserved towards Southeast (Armstrong 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Armstrong 1989

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On 10 October 539 BC (14 Tašrītu, year 17 of Nabonidus), the Persian takeover of Babylonia began with the battle of Opis, which Cyrus won, according to the Nabonidus Chronicle.

    “On 10 October 539 (14 Tašrītu, year 17 of Nabonidus) the Persian takeover of Babylonia began with the battle of Opis, won by Cyrus, according to the Nabonidus Chronicle (III.12-13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Waerzeggers 2015b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The king of the invaded country was killed by the Persian king whose army stayed there.

    “The king of the invaded country was killed by the Persian king whose army stayed there”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The šaknu, unlike the šandabakku, was a short-term position, designated for only a few years and recruited within the local citizens of Nippur, which makes it comparable to the chief of a haṭru.

    “The šaknu, unlike the šandabakku (Cole 1996a: 45-55), was a short-term position, designated for only a few years and recruited within the local citizens of Nippur which makes it comparable to the chief of a haṭru (Stolper 1988: 137-139).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cole 1996a: 45-55

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stolper 1988: 137-139 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A key strategy of the Persian takeover might have been to pursue political leaders on the provincial and local level to change side or to support the supplanting of people who favored the Persian cause.

    “Therefore, a key strategy might have been to pursue the political leaders on the provincial and local level to change the side or to support the supplanting of people who favored the Persian cause”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Darius I, probably as the effect of an often-assumed reform, tried to prevent the local elite to become too powerful.

    “Already Darius I, probably as the effect of an often-assumed reform, tried to prevent the local elite to become too powerful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A paqdu could be the chief/manager of one of the four city quarters of Nippur, known from the later Murašû texts, and sometimes could serve as paqdu of Nippur.

    “A paqdu could, for example, be the chief/manager of one of the four city quarters of Nippur (Stolper 1988: 129 n. 9) known from the later Murašû texts who sometimes also could serve as 'paqdu of Nippur' (Stolper 1988: 129 n. 8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Stolper 1988: 129 n. 9 source
    • cites Stolper 1988: 129 n. 8 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sippar was taken without a fight and Nabonidus took flight.

    “The Chronicle continues with the information that Sippar was taken without a fight and Nabonidus took flight (III.14-15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    A building erected at an even later point of time at this spot documents the continued importance of this location.

    “Still, a building which was erected at an even later point of time at this spot documents the continued importance of this location (McCown and Haines 1967: Pl. 76).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McCown and Haines 1967: Pl. 76

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such a manor situated at the top of Tablet Hill (Mound V), with a direct view to the ziggurat, would suggest that some official could have lived here.

    “Such a manor situated at the top of 'Tablet Hill' (Mound V), with a direct view to the ziggurat (Fig. 3), would suggest that some official could have lived here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This quarter is not mentioned in the Murašû texts, which could be explained by the possibility that the latter only provide names of the four quarters on the Westmound and therefore exclude East Nippur.

    “This quarter is not mentioned in the Murašû texts (Stolper 1988: 129 n. 9) which could be explained by the possibility that the latter only provide names of the four quarters on the 'Westmound' and therefore excluding East Nippur.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stolper 1988: 129 n. 9 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    As the Ekur archive is an official archive, one could conclude that in Babylonia at least one was careful to pledge allegiance too early.

    “As the Ekur archive has to be considered as an official archive, one could conclude that in Babylonia at least one was careful to pledge allegiance too early.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Ekur archive is an official archive.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oppenheim provides information about one more text (2NT 93) which mentions a šandabakku, although he does not give any information concerning the precise findspot of the tablet.

    “Oppenheim provides information about one more text (2NT 93) which mentions a šandabakku (Oppenheim 1985: 569 n. 2), although he does not give any information concerning the precise findspot of the tablet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oppenheim 1985: 569 n. 2 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The city quarter in which Tablet Hill was situated would have been the one connected to the Ur-facing-gate, which is shown on the so-called Kassite city map of Nippur and points towards Ur, 152.9 km Southeast of Nippur.

    “The city quarter in which 'Tablet Hill' was situated would have been the one connected to the 'Ur-facing-gate' (sum.KÁ.GAL IGI.BI.ÚRI.KI.ŠÈ) which is shown on the so-called 'Kassite' city map of Nippur (Oelsner and Stein 2011: 106) and, as its name says, pointing towards the direction of Ur which lies 152.9 km Southeast of Nippur.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oelsner and Stein 2011: 106

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The tablets are not published and we do not know the exact connection of these tablets to the rest of the Ekur archive.

    “Regrettably, the tablets are not published and we don't know the exact connection of these tablets to the rest of the Ekur archive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These quarters were named after the gate to which they were attached, giving the impression that the paqdu might have had his office at the gate designated to him.

    “These quarters were named after the gate to which they were attached, giving the impression that the paqdu might have had his office at the gate which was designated to him.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The campaign of 547 BC aimed at Urartu.

    “This in turn would point also towards an identification of Urartu as the goal of the campaign of 547 BC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The Persian army unified with the units of Gutium before entering Babylon.

    “Eventually, the Persian army unified with the units of Gutium before entering Babylon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Persian army crossed the Tigris below Arbela in 547 BC (Nisannu/April 547 BC), during the 9th year of Nabonidus, at the start of Cyrus's campaign against Urartu or Lydia.

    “Latest from the start of the campaign led by Cyrus whether against Urartu or Lydia (Rollinger 2008;Rollinger and Kellner 2019) in 547 BC (Nisannu/April 547 BC), during the 9 th year of Nabonidus the Persian army crossed the Tigris below Arbela”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rollinger 2008 source
    • cites Rollinger and Kellner 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

59 of 59

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The unpublished excavation journals, tablet lists, and registers accurately record the findspots, dates, and descriptions of the tablets.

    “Through the help of the unpublished excavation journals from the University of Pennsylvania excavations of 1889 it is possible, for example, to reconstruct a small archive of several texts which can be pinpointed to the trench of excavation (Mound V trench D) (Schneider forthcoming b).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The finddate provided by Harper's lists reliably indicates the trench of excavation.

    “After a year of further study, three more tablets can now be identified and shown to belong to the same 'Ekur archive' because of their finddate provided by Harpers lists (Westenholz 2020): a letter sent by Širikti-Ninurta (to a certain Gimillu) CBS 3632 (Harpers list I, Ni. 89-2-13-6, 4.8 x 3 cm) first published by Lutz (1919: No. 89; Hackl, Jursa, Schmidl 2014: No. 204).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The tablet register's recorded find depth is reliable for dating a tablet relative to building construction.

    “In the same tablet register it is also stated that the tablet was originally found '30 cm.under I.' Therefore, it predates the construction of this building in TA level I (TA I).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Ekur archive is an official archive.

    “As the Ekur archive has to be considered as an official archive”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The invasion was planned ahead and the Persian army intelligence tried to destabilize the prospected target through espionage and probably also sabotage.

    “it seems to be reasonable to assume that the invasion was planned ahead and that the Persian army intelligence tried to destabilize the prospected target through espionage 35 and probably also sabotage.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Hilprecht transcript no. 349 has conflicting Harper entry numbers

    Minor

    The captions identify the same Hilprecht transcript as Harper entry no. 71 and entry no. 14.

  • Tablet no. 78 is assigned two excavation dates

    Minor

    Clay 1908 no. 78 is listed among tablets excavated on both 13 and 16 February, although these are presented as separate finds.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. Baker, H. 2015, Family Structure, Household Cycle, and the Social Use of Domestic Space in Urban Babylo- nia (chapter 16), in M. Müller, Household Studies in Complex Societies: (Micro) Archaeological and Textual Approaches -Papers from the Oriental Institute Seminar: Household Studies in Complex Societies, Held at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 15-16 March 2013, Oriental Institute Seminars 10, Chicago, Ori- ental Institute: 371-407.
  2. Beaulieu, P.A. 2018, A History of Babylon, 2200 BC-AD 75, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  3. Bregstein, L.B. 1993, Seal use in fifth century B.C. Nippur, Iraq: A study of seal selection and sealing practices in the Murašû Archive. Unpublished PhD dissertation (University of Chicago).
  4. Clay, A., 1908, Legal and Commercial Transactions dated in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Periods chiefly from Nippur, Babylonian expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A, Cuneiform texts 8/1, Philadel- phia, Published by the Dept. of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania.
  5. Loftus, W.K. 1856, Notes of a Journey from Baghdad and Busra", Journal of the Royal Geographic Society 26: 131-153.
  6. McCown, D.E. and Haines, R.C. 1967, Nippur: Scribal Quarters and Temple of Enlil, Oriental Institute Publica- tions 78, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  7. Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2018, The Creation of the Assyrian Heartland: New Data from the 'Land behind Nineveh' , in B.S. Düring and T. Stek (eds), The Comparative Archaeology of Imperial Countrysides. Investigating the Trans- formations of Rural and Peripheral Landscapes and Societies in Ancient Old World Empires, Cambridge Univer- sity Press, Cambridge.
  8. B.C. Bethesda, Maryland, CDL Press.
  9. Petschow, H.P.H. 1980-83, "Lehrverträge", in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 6, Berlin, De Gruyter: 556-570.
  10. Potts, D. 2018, The Carian Villages, Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin 2018: 2, 1-7.
  11. Rawlinson, H. C. 1849/50, On the Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12: 401-483.
  12. Schneider, B. 2018a, The Late-and Post-Assyrian Ekur, in B. Horejs et al. (ed.) 10 th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 25-29 April 2016, Vienna, vol. 1. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz: 343-354.
  13. Schneider, B. 2018b, Baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen am Ekur in Nippur -Stratigraphie und Fundbearbeitung: Aufarbeitung der Ergebnisse der Grabungen von 1889-1900 und 1948-1950, PhD Dissertation, University of Innsbruck.
  14. Schneider, B. forthcoming b, The context of the fragmentary Achaemenid moulded cut glass bowl (B 2349) and the archive of the sons of Līšir from Nippur 1889, in de J. J. Ridder and P. Stein (eds.), Proceedings of the work- shop 'Die Hilprecht-Sammlug vorderasiatischer Altertümer und ihre Bedeutung für die Altorientalistik' at the Frie- drich Schiller University in Jena on March 17-18, 2022, Dubsar, Münster, Zaphon.
  15. Van der Spek, R.J. 1992, Nippur, Sippar, and Larsa in the Hellenistic Period, in M. de Jong Ellis (ed.), Nippur at the Centennial -Papers Read at the 35 e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Philadelphia, 1988, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 14, Philadelphia, The University Museum: 235-260.
  16. Waerzeggers, C. 2015a, Babylonian Kingship in the Persian Period, in J. Stökl and C. Waerzeggers (eds), Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 478, Berlin/ Boston, De Gruyter: 181-222.
  17. Waerzeggers, C. 2021b, The Day before Cyrus entered Babylon, in U. Gabbay, S. Gordin (eds) Individuals and institutions in the ancient Near East: a tribute to Ran Zadok, Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records 27, Ber- lin, De Gruyter: 79-88.
  18. Zadok, R. 1986, Archives from Nippur in the First Millennium B.C., in K. R. Veenhof (ed.), Cuneiform Archives and Libraries: papers read at the 30e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 4-8 July 1983, Leiden, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul: 278-288.
  19. B.C.E., in J. Stökl and C. Waerzeggers (eds), Exile and Return -The Babylonian Context, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentli- che Wissenschaft 478, Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter: 94-156.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Schneider, B.
Affiliations
Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw (PL)
Corresponding author
Schneider, Bernhard
ORCID
Schneider, Bernhard
Venue
Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures
Publisher
Firenze University Press
Published
2023-01-25
Volume
4
Pages
115-134
ISSN
2611-8912 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.36253/asiana-1576
OpenAlex
W4318068960
Cited by
2
References
22
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
1.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Asia Anteriore Antica Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Northwestern University
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Near East History
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Eurasian Exchange Networks
Keywords
Neo-Babylonian Empire, Achaemenid Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great, regime change, Nippur, administrative archives

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-26.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-26.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review