Cited by 188Misinformation and Its ImpactsAcademic Publishing and Open AccessComplex Network Analysis Techniques

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news

Open access

Fazio, Lisa·2020·Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review

DOI 10.37016/mr-2020-009

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In an online experiment, participants who paused to explain why a headline was true or false indicated that they were less likely to share false information compared to control participants. Their intention to share accurate news stories was unchanged. These results indicate that adding “friction” (i.e., pausing to think) before sharing can improve the quality of information shared on social media.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.37016/mr-2020-009

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The spread of true and false news online
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap9559 · Cited by 8,847
Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology
Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612453266 · Cited by 3,138
TurkPrime.com: A versatile crowdsourcing data acquisition platform for the behavioral sciences
Litman, L., Robinson, J., & Abberbock, T. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0727-z · Cited by 2,122
Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks
Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618923114 · Cited by 1,580
Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news
Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268
The misunderstood limits of folk science: An illusion of explanatory depth
Rozenblit, L., & Keil, F. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2605_1 · Cited by 1,032
The structure and function of explanations
Lombrozo, T. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.004 · Cited by 693
Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth.
Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000098 · Cited by 598
Self-citation
Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines.
Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000729 · Cited by 593
Self-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on Twitter
Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228882 · Cited by 172

Show all 12 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–188 of 188

“I think this news is accurate”: Endorsing accuracy decreases the sharing of fake news and increases the sharing of real newsPreprint
Capraro, V., & Celadin, T. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s3q5n · Cited by 7
Exploring the effectiveness of virtual reality in combating misinformation on climate change
Erişen, E., Yildirim, F., Duran, E., Şar, B., & Kalkan, I. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13057 · Cited by 7
True discernment or blind scepticism? Comparing the effectiveness of four conspiracy belief interventions
O’Mahony, C., Murphy, G., & Linehan, C. (2024) · advances in/psychology · doi:10.56296/aip00030 · Cited by 6
Exoskeleton for the Mind: Exploring Strategies Against Misinformation with a Metacognitive Agent
Kim, Y., Ueno, T., Seaborn, K., Oura, H., Urakami, J., & Sawa, Y. (2023) · Augmented Humans International Conference (AHs) · doi:10.1145/3582700.3582725 · Cited by 8
The Social Media Context Interferes with Truth DiscernmentPreprint
Epstein, Z. G., Sirlin, N., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q4bd2 · Cited by 6
Friction Interventions to Curb the Spread of Misinformation on Social MediaPreprint
Jahn, L., Rendsvig, R. K., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Hendricks, V. F. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2307.11498 · Cited by 6
Addressing Antivaccine Sentiment on Public Social Media Forums Through Web-Based Conversations Based on Motivational Interviewing Techniques: Observational Study
Scales, D. A., Hurth, L., Xi, W., Gorman, S. E., Radhakrishnan, M., Windham, S., Akunne, A., Florman, J., Leininger, L. J., & Gorman, J. M. (2023) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/50138 · Cited by 5
Softly empowering a prosocial expert in the family: lasting effects of a counter-misinformation intervention in an informational autocracy
Orosz, G., Faragó, L., Paskuj, B., Rakovics, Z., Sam-Mine, D., Audemard, G., Modeliar, M. S., & Krekó, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61232-x · Cited by 5
The Currency of the Attentional Economy: The Uses and Abuses of Attention in Our World
Schoenherr, J. R. (2022) · IEEE Technology and Society Magazine · doi:10.1109/mts.2022.3147541 · Cited by 5
Long-lasting Effects of a Prosocial Counter-Misinformation Intervention in an Informational AutocracyPreprint
Orosz, G., Faragó, L., Paskuj, B., & Krekó, P. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2159993/v1 · Cited by 5
A Bayesian decision-theoretic framework for studying motivated reasoningPreprint
Priniski, J. H., Solanki, P., & Horne, Z. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ngavz · Cited by 7
Verba Volant, Scripta Volant: Understanding Post-publication Title Changes in News Outlets
Guo, X.-Z., Kondracki, B., Nikiforakis, N., & Skiena, S. (2022) · The Web Conference · doi:10.1145/3485447.3512219 · Cited by 9
Accuracy-sensitisation promotes the sharing of pro- (but not anti-) vaccine information
Saling, L. L., Phillips, J. G., & Cohen, D. B. (2023) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2023.2179053 · Cited by 4
Nudging accurate scientific communication
Allard, A., & Clavien, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290225 · Cited by 5
Teaching epistemic integrity to promote reliable scientific communication
Allard, A., & Clavien, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308304 · Cited by 6
Recognizing the Role of Psychological Science in Improving Online Spaces
Fazio, L. K. (2020) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100620972100 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Knowing Well, Being Well: well-being born of understanding: The Urgent Need for Coordinated and Comprehensive Efforts to Combat Misinformation
Johnson, S. S. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211070957a · Cited by 8
Friction Against Fiction: Adding 'Grit' to Boost Psychological Inoculation Against MisinformationPreprint
Fendt, M., Holford, D. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dzbm7 · Cited by 4
The persuasive potential of AI-paraphrased information at scale
Dash, S., Xu, Y., Jalbert, M. C., & Spiro, E. S. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf207 · Cited by 6
Cognitive, psychological, and pharmacological correlates of susceptibility to (mis)information: Why we believe and how we resist
Ryguła, R., Piksa, M., & Cieslik-Starkiewicz, A. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106339 · Cited by 4
A perspective on friction interventions to curb the spread of misinformation
Jahn, L., Rendsvig, R. K., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Hendricks, V. F. (2025) · npj Complexity · doi:10.1038/s44260-025-00051-1 · Cited by 19
Students Rate the Credibility of Climate Change Information
Zilz, K., & Höttecke, D. (2025) · Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-025-00692-7 · Cited by 3
Think twice, scroll once: Encouraging critical reflection as a shield against health misinformation and overgeneralized messaging by social media influencers
Kaňková, J., & Matthes, J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108896 · Cited by 4
True, justified, belief? Partisanship weakens the positive effect of news media literacy on fake news detection
Sude, D. J., Sharon, G., & Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1242865 · Cited by 3
Structuring different manifestations of misinformation for better policy development using a decision tree‐based approach
Hägle, O., Escher, S., Heil, R., & Jahnel, J. (2024) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.420 · Cited by 3
Procesamiento cognitivo de fake news políticas. Revisión de estudios experimentales
García, A. P. P., Danieli, N. E., & Freire, I. E. M. (2023) · Dixit · doi:10.22235/d.v37i1.3112 · Cited by 2
Manipulating the Online Marketplace of IdeasPreprint
Lou, X., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 4
Challenging Misinformation on Social Media: Users' Perceptions and Misperceptions and Their Impact on the Likelihood to ChallengePreprint
Gurgun, S., Cemiloglu, D., Arden-Close, E. J., Phalp, K. T., Ali, R., & Nakov, P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4600006 · Cited by 3
Moral education and the psychology of moral discourse
Heinzelmann, N. C. (2025) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2025.2453687 · Cited by 4
Contextualizing Misinformation: A User-Centric Approach to Linguistic and Topical Patterns in News Consumption
Dahlke, R., Tu, F., Wang, Y.-C., Lu, Y., Engeda, B. W., & Hancock, J. T. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757571 · Cited by 2
From likes to trusts: How trust feedback reduces misinformation on social media
Ceylan, G., & Wood, W. (2026) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1177/23794607261423714 · Cited by 2
Fighting Fake News Proliferation Through Digital Literacy in Africa: Perspectives from Nigerian Netizens
Ogbodo, J. N., Onwe, E. C., Nwankwo, S. U., & Ewa-Ibe, B. (2023) · African Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/23743670.2024.2329701 · Cited by 6
Cultivating Essential Capacities for Moral Resilience
Rushton, C. H., Kaszniak, A. W., & Halifax, J. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197667149.003.0008 · Cited by 2
Can Education Save Us From Ourselves? Three Psychological Challenges to Democracy
Clark, C. H., & Schmeichel, M. (2024) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543241288245 · Cited by 4
Designing for affective warnings & cautions to protect against online misinformation threats
Carroll, F., & Bonkel, B. (2021) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2021.11 · Cited by 2
Emotional content reduces the cognitive effort invested in processing the credibility of social (mis)informationPreprint
Baum, J., Frömer, R., & Rahman, R. A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3zr24 · Cited by 2
Who Gets Exposed to Political Misinformation in a Hybrid Media Environment? The Case of the 2019 Indonesian ElectionPreprint
Neyazi, T. A., Ng, A. Y. K., Kuru, O., & Muhtadi, B. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/38c5w · Cited by 2
Which Democratic Way to Go?
van der Puil, R., Spahn, A., & Royakkers, L. M. M. (2023) · International Journal of Technoethics · doi:10.4018/ijt.331800 · Cited by 1
Understanding belief in political statements using a model-driven experimental approach: a registered report
Santángelo, A. P., & Solovey, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47939-3 · Cited by 1
The effects of inoculation interventions and repetition on perceived truth in younger and older adults
Udry, J., & Barber, S. J. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106275 · Cited by 1
The cognitive and social dynamics of social correction of misinformation: a scoping review
Vithanage, S. S., Ransom, K., Mendoza, A., & Karunasekera, S. A. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2651115 · Cited by 1
The structural fingerprints of disinformation: a content-agnostic framework
Redaelli, S., Spitale, G., & Germani, F. (2026) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-025-09886-7 · Cited by 2
Misinformation and Disinformation on Social Media: An Updated Survey of Challenges and Current Trends
Scudo, F. L. (2023) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31469-8_2 · Cited by 1
The Reasoning behind Fake News Assessments: A Linguistic Analysis
Manikonda, L., Nevo, D., Horne, B. D., Arrington, C., & Adalı, S. (2022) · AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.17705/1thci.00168 · Cited by 1
Young and Miller, Political Communication in Oxford Handbook of Poli Psych 3rd edPreprint
Young, D. G. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/mwdtu · Cited by 1
What if becoming information literate were an adventure?
Dahl, T. I. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Information Literacy in Higher Education · doi:10.15845/noril.v13i1.3778
“Yeah, That’s True (Even When It’s Not)”: The Power of Authoritarian Leaders Creates Agreement with Fake NewsPreprint
Ospina, J. P., Orosz, G., & Spencer, S. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x7qe5
Listening to Crowdsourced Fact-CheckingPreprint
Panizza, F., Ronzani, P., Martini, C., Mattavelli, S., & Morisseau, T. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4339853
Quantifying the Vulnerabilities of the Online Public Square to Manipulation TacticsPreprint
Truong, B. T., Lou, X., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3011774/v1
Are conspiracy theorists inaccurate, unmotivated to be accurate, or both?: A latent class analysis
Bowes, S. M., & Fazio, L. K. (2023) · Routledge Open Research · doi:10.12688/routledgeopenres.17928.1
Self-citation
Misinformation, Paradox, and Heuristics: An Algorithmic Nudge to Counter Misinformation
Shin, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52569-8_4
Pause before action: Waiting short time as a simple and resource-rational boost
Shirasuna, M., Kagawa, R., & Honda, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87119-z · Cited by 1
Partisanship and its effects on metacognitive effort, agreement, and misinformation detection
Jackson, D. L., & Hoewe, J. (2025) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2025.2472827
Development of the ability to assess (fake) news about ecology from adolescence to older adults
Cassotti, M., Stanc, L. L., Ozkalp-Poincloux, B., César, C., Lemaire, M., Berthet, E. T. A., Borst, G., & Salvia, É. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251340924 · Cited by 3
Observed Correction Increases Accuracy
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0003
Perceptions of Correction
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0005
List of Figures
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.002.0006
Accessible Curated Evidence
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0009
Constrained Experts
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0008
Motivating Correction
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0007
Introduction
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0001
Notes
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.002.0009
Recall Is Everything
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0004
The Theory of Observed Correction
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0002
Conflicted Correctors
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0006
Conclusions
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.003.0010
List of Tables
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.002.0007
Copyright Page
Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.002.0004
7 ways to avoid becoming a misinformation superspreader when the news is shocking
Sinclair, H. (2021) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.aq5w3xpne
Grit in the Information Machine: Library Professionalism in a World Without Friction
Freeburg, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1429
Glaubwürdigkeitsurteile zu medialen Repräsentationen des Klimawandels
Zilz, K., & Höttecke, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48374-6_18
Nudges to Reduce the Spread of Online Disinformation: A Comparison with the Educational Effect
Suzuki, H. N., & Inaba, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4674-9_26
Additional file 1 of An initial accuracy focus reduces the effect of prior exposure on perceived accuracy of news headlines
Calvillo, D. P., & Smelter, T. J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13199266
Additional file 1 of Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news
Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13065598
TrueAI: An AI-Enhanced Intervention to Prevent Fake News Spread Among older adults on Social Media
Zhou, L., Guan, X., & Liu, P. (2025) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3715070.3749243
Beyond the Virus: The Pandemic of False Memories
Sanz, A. A., & Migueles, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03895-1_6
Frictional memory: The afterlives of lynching in the digital public spheres
Vasudeva, F., Azizifard, N., & Eetu Mäkelä, A. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448261416894 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Nexus Among AI-Generated Advertising Bias, Deepfake Technology, and Consumer Trust: The Moderating Role of Technological Literacy
Opuni, F. F., Doe, J. K., Akaab, I. I., Amegbe, H., & Asiedu, K. A. (2026) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13388-5_20
Understanding misinformation and fighting for information
Altay, S. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2e02b9cfz3b17z4c05za865zfcbe3a9fb6e4
Digital Misogyny and the Female Self-Concept: How Red-Pill Media Shapes Mental Health and Self-EsteemPreprint
Dickie, H. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9621783/v1
Is There Truth in Pictures? The Impact of Images on Older Adults’ Information Judgement and the Role of Metacognitive Reflection
Gao, J., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-026-09569-7
[These authors jointly supervised this work: Anastasia Kozyreva, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen, Stefan M. Herzog, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ralph Hertwig.]
Kozyreva, A., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Herzog, S., Ecker, U., Lewandowsky, S., Hertwig, R., Ali, A., Bak-Coleman, J., Barzilai, S., Basol, M., et al. (2024) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)
Narrative monitoring and argument-checking: Enhancing effectiveness in countering disinformation beyond fact-checking
Ramos, C., Jiménez-Cruz, C., & Hernández-Escayola, P. (2026) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-198
Chat but verify: Combating misinformation in conversational Generative AI with verification affordance
Liao, M., & Sundar, S. S. (2026) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmag012 · Cited by 3
Desinformation
Denner, N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-46851-4_37-1
Why we believe chatbots: trust calibration as a design problem
Jaidka, K., & Cai, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1935527 · Cited by 1
Friction in the looking-glass: public library worker perceptions of frictionless information standards
Freeburg, D. (2026) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-05-2026-0253
User Interface Designs to Address Cancer Misinformation
Lazard, A. J., Avendaño-Galdamez, M. I., Queen, T. L., Lake, S., Varma, T., Marshall, D., Tan, H.-J., Stein, J. N., & Dasgupta, N. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.41122

Authors: Fazio, L.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Fazio, Lisa
ORCID: Fazio, Lisa
Venue: Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review
Publisher: Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics, and Public Policy
Published: 2020-02-10
ISSN: 2766-1652 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.37016/mr-2020-009
OpenAlex: W3005166752
Cited by: 187
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20
FWCI: 36.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Facebook
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Publishing and Open Access
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
Keywords: misinformation, social media, information quality

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks