Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines.
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Abstract
What role does deliberation play in susceptibility to political misinformation and “fake news”? The “Motivated System 2 Reasoning” account posits that deliberation causes people to fall for fake news because reasoning facilitates identity-protective cognition and is therefore used to rationalize content that is consistent with one’s political ideology. The classical account of reasoning instead posits that people ineffectively discern between true and false news headlines when they fail to deliberate (and instead rely on intuition). To distinguish between these competing accounts, we investigated the causal effect of reasoning on media truth discernment using a two-response paradigm. Participants (N= 1635 MTurkers) were presented with a series of headlines. For each, they were first asked to give an initial, intuitive response under time pressure and concurrent working memory load. They were then given an opportunity to re-think their response with no constraints, thereby permitting more deliberation. We also compared these responses to a (deliberative) one-response baseline condition where participants made a single choice with no constraints. Consistent with the classical account, we found that deliberation corrected intuitive mistakes: subjects believed false headlines (but not true headlines) more in initial responses than in either final responses or the unconstrained 1-response baseline. In contrast – and inconsistent with the Motivated System 2 Reasoning account – we found that political polarization was equivalent across responses. Our data suggest that, in the context of fake news, deliberation facilitates accurate belief formation and not partisan bias.
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- Authors
- Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1608-1613
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2999682719
- Cited by
- 593
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 120.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Toulouse 1 Capitole Publications (Université Toulouse I Capitole) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Miami Foundation
- William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Investissements d’Avenir program (ANR-17-EURE-0010)
- Scientific Research Fund Flanders
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- fake news, deliberation, belief formation, intuitive thinking, System 2 reasoning, political polarization, partisan bias, working memory load, time pressure, belief updating
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Deception, Male, Mass Media, Politics, Thinking, Intuition
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