Mobile phone addiction and sleep quality in adolescents: Mediation and moderation analyses
Abstract
摘要: 为探讨手机成瘾对青少年睡眠质量的影响及其作用机制, 采用问卷法对1258名青少年进行调查。结果表明:(1)手机成瘾不仅对青少年睡眠质量有显著的直接预测作用, 还能通过情绪平衡的中介作用间接预测睡眠质量; (2)手机成瘾对青少年睡眠质量的直接作用以及情绪平衡的中介作用都受到反刍的调节, 相对于反刍水平低的个体, 直接效应和间接效应都在反刍水平高的个体中更强; (3)手机成瘾对青少年睡眠质量的直接作用以及情绪平衡的中介作用还都受到正念的调节, 相对于正念水平低的个体, 直接效应和间接效应都在正念水平高的个体中更弱。本研究结果有利于揭示手机成瘾是如何影响青少年睡眠质量的, 以及手机成瘾在何种条件下对青少年睡眠质量的影响更强/更弱, 对移动互联网时代维护与促进青少年身心健康有一定启示意义。
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The radio frequency electromagnetic fields generated by electronic mobile devices can disrupt normal blood flow and metabolic functions in the brain, thereby negatively affecting adolescents' sleep quality.
“The radio frequency electromagnetic fields generated by electronic mobile devices can also disrupt normal blood flow and metabolic functions in the brain, thereby negatively affecting adolescents’ sleep quality [38].”
From Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
You, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Excessive use of mobile devices and children's physical health
Domoff, S. E., Borgen, A. L., Foley, R. P., & Maffett, A. J. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.145 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Arrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Hao, Z., Jin, L., Li, Y., Akram, H. R., Saeed, M. F., Ma, J., Ma, H., & Huang, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety
Jiang, L., & Yoo, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01865-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The radio frequency electromagnetic fields generated by electronic mobile devices can also disrupt normal blood flow and metabolic functions in the brain, thereby negatively affecting adolescents’ sleep quality [38].”
BackgroundInternet Addiction and Depression in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model
Chi, X., Liu, X., Guo, T., Wu, M., & Chen, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00816 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Gao, Q., Sun, R., Fu, E., Jia, G., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106065 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
López-Fernández, O., Kuss, D. J., Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., Dawes, C., Justice, L. V., Männikkö, N., Kääriäinen, M., Rumpf, H., Bischof, A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061213 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Xiao, Z., & Huang, J.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861527 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ye, J., Jia, X., Zhang, J., & Guo, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.987537 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The research shows that mindfulness is negatively correlated with ruminative thinking very obviously (Liu et al., 2017; Parmentier et al., 2019).”
BackgroundJin, L., Hao, Z., Huang, J., Akram, H. R., Saeed, M. F., & Ma, H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105875 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ding, Y., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Peng, Q., Yu, J., Lu, G., Wu, H., & Chen, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971735 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., & Kou, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287735 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Related research in China have also found that physical activity significantly directly predicts adolescent sleep quality (Liu et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundJin-fu, W., Liu, X., Xu, X., Wang, H., & Yang, G. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s462794 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“63 Hence, physical activity contributes to the mitigation of stress.”
BackgroundMeng, S., Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Zhang, M., Tang, W., Onyebuchi, N., Han, Y., Han, S., Li, B., Tong, W., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01899-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Liu, J., Wang, W., Hu, Q., Wang, P., Lei, L., & Jiang, S. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.070 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wang, C., Geng, L., & Rodríguez-Casallas, J. D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01453-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chen, W., Yan, L., Yuan, Y.-R., Zhu, X.-W., Zhang, Y., & Lian, S.-L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750511 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Guo, J., Jou, M., Zhou, S., Wang, D., Maguire, P., Wei, J., & Qu, F. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106378 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Yu, P., Luo, X.-S., Mao, H., Luo, Y., Hu, R.-T., & Xiong, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2020.1871239 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jing, X., Meng, H., Li, Y., Lu, L., & Yao, Y. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s383743 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“67% of the variance was explained by the first factor, which is less than the criterion of 40%.(42)”
BackgroundLin, Y., & Zhou, X. Y. (2022) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100110 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In sum, to answer the call for unraveling the indirect effect mechanism of smartphone use on academic performance [10,25] and exploring feasible ways to mitigate the adverse consequences of smartphone use (see, [26,27]), this study strives to answer the following questions: Research question 1: How does bedtime smartp…”
BackgroundLi, B., Gu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhao, M., & Dong, Y. H. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12173 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sun, R., Gao, Q., & Xiang, Y. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0040 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“56,57 The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this scale was 0.89 in the current study.”
InfluentialAlexithymia and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: A Moderated Mediation Model
Hao, Z., & Jin, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.541507 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
暴力环境接触对大学生网络攻击行为的影响:反刍思维与网络道德的作用 *
Jin, T., Guizhi, L. U., ZHANG, L., Wu, Y., & Xiangzhong, J. I. N. (2018) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.01051 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shen, J., Zheng, J., & Zhang, T. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01256-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“State self-control capacity is able to reduce many negative behaviors such as juvenile delinquency, deceptive behavior, and aggression [16, 30].”
BackgroundYang, H., Wang, Z., & Elhai, J. D. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03197-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Xu, L., Yan, W., Hua, G., He, Z., Wu, C., & Hao, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06450-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A related study carried out in China discovered that teens’ levels of physical activity directly and strongly correlated with the quality of their sleep [47].”
Wang, W., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Guo, Z., Hong, D., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03309-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, L., Wang, L., & Wang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1023245 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The mobile phone addiction index: Cross gender measurement invariance in adolescents
An, X.-L., Chen, S.-G., Zhu, L., & Jiang, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, 2021), and in agreement with previous reports that the application of MPAI in middle school adolescents is appropriate (Liu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultZhou, J., & Wang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.797780 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhou, J., & Bai, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.849442 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Young undergraduates make up a large portion of these cell phone users (Liu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSmartphone Addiction and Eysenck's Personality Traits Among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Xiong, S., Yi, X., Zhang, B., Zhu, L.-H., & Xie, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794112 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yaakoubi, M., Farhat, F., Bouchiba, M., Masmoudi, L., Trabelsi, O., Ghorbel, A., & Gharbi, A. (2024) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-024-09689-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“As highlighted by Liu et al. (2017), the compulsive use of smartphones leads to profound behavioral modifications in individuals’ daily routines.”
Fu, G., Li, S., & Guo, J. (2020) · International Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.11114/ijsss.v8i3.4788 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
University freshmen's excessive smartphone use and psychological safety during the COVID-19 pandemic
Yang, Q., Shi, M., LianPing, Z., & Ping, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.993555 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, S., Yingying, D., Cai, L., & Wu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1542243 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fendel, J. C., Bürkle, J. J., & Schmidt, S. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00052 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, one study was reported in three separate records (Q.-Q. Liu et al., 2018; Q.-Q. Liu, Zhou, Niu, & Fan, 2017; Q.-Q. Liu, Zhou, Yang, et al., 2017).”
Zhu, J., Niu, L., Hou, X., Tao, H., Ma, Y., Silenzio, V., Lin, K., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116138 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wu, W., Li, S., Chen, F., & Zeng, Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06916-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Jing, X., & Lu, L. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000030838 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“93% of the variance was explained by the first factor, which is less than the criterion of 40%.[37]”
BackgroundLi, Q., Ding, W., Mo, L., & Zhao, W.-G. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01127-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chen, R., Yang, H., Shi, H.-F., Fang, Y., & Fan, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376347 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationYao, Y., Yao, J., Chen, S., Zhang, X., Meng, H., Li, Y., & Lu, L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13070552 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“There was no severe common-method variance in this study based on the critical threshold of 40% [52].”
MethodThe relations between Facebook intrusion, emotional functioning, and health problems
Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Cudo, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01374-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pandey, S. R., & Vaishnav, R. S. (2023) · International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology · doi:10.15379/ijmst.v10i4.3445 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Qing -Qi Liu et al. (2017) conducted the study which revealed that mobile phone addiction would bring about significant adverse impacts on mental health such as depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundChen, Y., Bao, Z., & Zhu, J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106065 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Luo, M.-L., Zhu, X.-W., & Lian, S.-L. (2023) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2023.2216250 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Xiang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2023) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2023.2224548 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, mobile phone addiction will also cause significant adverse effects on individual self-development and social adaptation, such as depression, anxiety, cognitive decline and poor interpersonal relationships (Chen et al., 2016; Liu, Zhou, Niu, & Fan, 2017; Seo, Park, Kim, & Park, 2016).”
BackgroundXiao, T., Peng, H., Liang, Z., Pan, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, B., & Wang, B. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71369 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Furthermore, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields generated by electronic devices may disrupt metabolic processes and cerebral blood flow, consequently impairing sleep quality in adolescents (LIU et al. 2017 ).”
Wang, W., Liu, J., Lv, J., Gao, P., Wang, P., Zhang, X., Zheng, J., & Jiang, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07952-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…2008); the relationship between emotional state and suicidal ideation (Rogers et al., 2022), and the relationship between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality, mobile phone addiction and emotional balance are also stronger in individuals with high levels of rumination (Liu et al., 2017).”
Bi, J. (2022) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2022/8489077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RetractedYao, Y., Tang, J., Meng, H., Li, Y., Du, H. C., & Li, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Eight factors had eigenvalues >1, and 27.71% of the variance was explained by the first factor, which is less than the criterion of 40% [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, Q., Ru, T., Xue, L. U. O., Dong, Q., Zhai, D., XIONG, X., & Zhou, G. (2019) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2019.00070 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dai, W., Wei, X., Li, Q., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2023.2279374 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fu, G., Zhang, M., Ou, J., & Chen, C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3032135/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Tang, J., Li, Z., Chen, S., Du, H., & Lu, L. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s475165 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Mobil Bağımlılık Düzeyi ve Problem Çözme Becerisinin İncelenmesi
Aktaş, E., Dönmez, E., CANIBEYAZ, R., & GEDİK, M. (2023) · Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.56061/fbujohs.1183929 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Peng, X., Nie, R., & Tong, S. (2025) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01547-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Komath, M. A. C., Sayilir, O., & Doğan, M. (2025) · International Journal of Disclosure and Governance · doi:10.1057/s41310-025-00288-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“SPSS macro-PROCESS has been widely utilized to test complex models of the observed variables, such as the moderated mediation model and the mediated moderation model (Liu et al. 2017; Hayes 2017; Wang et al. 2018).”
Jin, C. J., Long, W., Wang, L., Liu, Z., & Sun, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36764-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that excessive use of mobile phones for extended periods seriously distracts students’ attention, making it difficult for them to concentrate on learning tasks and fully devote themselves to learning, which leads to a decrease in learning engagement 30,36 .”
THE EFFECT OF SMARTPHONE ADDICTION ON SLEEP QUALITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE
GÜNDOĞDU, G., Ayran, G., & Işık, N. A. (2021) · The Journal of School and University Medicine · doi:10.51546/jsum.2021.8301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghosh, A., Sara, S. S., Nath, C. D., & Talukder, A. (2022) · International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies · doi:10.47191/ijmscrs/v2-i11-02 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Tang, J., Li, Z., Chen, S., Li, Y., Meng, H., & Lu, L. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037118 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[30]”
An Intervention Design Study for Mobile Phone Addiction in Sleep Scenarios
Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Li, L., & Qu, W. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35946-0_42 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zheng, M. N., Xu, Y., Yang, B., & Guo, C. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251375735 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that mindfulness traits not only positively influence individuals’ psychosocial adaptation but also serve a protective role against the negative impacts of adverse factors (Emerson et al., 2018; Q. Liu et al., 2017).”
InfluentialChen, R., Ming, D., Zhou, T., Hao, X., & Fan, C.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1798978 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMi, X., & Li, X. X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1859953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Existing empirical studies have con fi rmed that mobile phone addiction not only impairs individuals ’ sleep quality (14 – 16), but also correlates with academic procrastination and behavioral pro-crastination (17, 18).”
Ji, Z., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2024.165032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Relationship between Stress and Mobile Phone Addiction in College Students
(2021) · International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education · doi:10.20431/2349-0381.0807031
“…people's dysfunctional behaviors and negative personal status (Rozgonjuk et al., 2018), which will have a negative impact on individual academic performance and interpersonal relationships (Liu et al., 2017), and can cause mental health problems such as anxiety and depression (Huang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundKomath, M. A. C., Sayılır, Ö., & Doğan, M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4634853
Xie, W., Wang, L., & Yang, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4791416
What the Smartphone Addiction Debate Tells Us About Adolescent Smartphone Use
Bi, Y., Liu, Y., & Kang, T. (2024) · Journal of Social Science and Humanities · doi:10.53469/jssh.2024.06(07).21
Combinations of resting RSA and RSA reactivity in predicting adolescents' mobile phone addictionPreprint
Zhao, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.172460564.41508421/v1
Interactive Effects of Resting HF ‐ HRV and HF ‐ HRV Reactivity on Adolescent Mobile Phone Addiction
Zhao, Y., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70117 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This addiction can result in a range of psychological and behavioral issues, including sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Liu et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2021).”
Bu, Y., Feng, W., Wang, A., Zhang, M., Wang, C., & Yan, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04342-7
“Rumination is a maladaptive response style involving a repetitive focus on negative emotions, their potential causes, and consequences [33, 38, 43].”
Gavcar, E. G., Büber, A., Başay, B. K., Başay, Ö., & Terzioğlu, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261447028
“The foremost of these risks is smartphone addiction, defined as the excessive use of smart-phones to the extent that it impairs an individual’s physical and mental health (Liu et al., 2017).”
Deng, Y., Xiong, T., Ye, B., Dai, Q., Jing, K., & Huang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1908127
“A parallel mechanism is observed in research on smartphone addiction, where rumination significantly predicts susceptibility to smartphone addiction among adolescents (32), a condition that shares highly similar etiological pathways with internet addiction (33).”
- Authors
- LIU, Q., ZHOU, Z., NIU, G., & Fan, C.
- Affiliations
- Central China Normal University (CN)
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica Sinica
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1524
- ISSN
- 0439-755X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2792426596
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica Sinica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- mobile phone addiction, sleep quality, adolescents, emotional balance, rumination, mindfulness, mediation, moderation, mobile internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review