The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts
Open accessAbstract
By synthesizing data from individual gene phylogenies, large concatenated gene trees, and other kinds of molecular, morphological, and biochemical markers, we begin to see the broad outlines of a global phylogenetic tree of eukaryotes. This tree is apparently composed of five large assemblages, or “supergroups.” Plants and algae, or more generally eukaryotes with plastids (the photosynthetic organelle of plants and algae and their nonphotosynthetic derivatives) are scattered among four of the five supergroups. This is because plastids have had a complex evolutionary history involving several endosymbiotic events that have led to their transmission from one group to another. Here, the history of the plastid and of its various hosts is reviewed with particular attention to the number and nature of the endosymbiotic events that led to the current distribution of plastids. There is accumulating evidence to support a single primary origin of plastids from a cyanobacterium (with one intriguing possible exception in the little‐studied amoeba Paulinella), followed by the diversification of glaucophytes, red and green algae, with plants evolving from green algae. Following this, some of these algae were themselves involved in secondary endosymbiotic events. The best current evidence indicates that two independent secondary endosymbioses involving green algae gave rise to euglenids and chlorarachniophytes, whereas a single endosymbiosis with a red algae gave rise to the chromalveolates, a diverse group including cryptomonads, haptophytes, heterokonts, and alveolates. Dinoflagellates (alveolates) have since taken up other algae in serial secondary and tertiary endosymbioses, raising a number of controversies over the origin of their plastids, and by extension, the recently discovered cryptic plastid of the closely related apicomplexan parasites.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Gardner, M. J., Hall, N., Fung, E., White, O., Berriman, M., Hyman, R. W., Carlton, J. M., Pain, A., Nelson, K. E., Bowman, S., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01097 · Cited by 4,407
TURNER, S., PRYER, K. M., MIAO, V. P. W., & PALMER, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04612.x · Cited by 1,575
The Biology of Dinoflagellates
Sarjeant, W. A. S., & Taylor, F. J. R. (1989) · Micropaleontology · doi:10.2307/1485469 · Cited by 1,237
Martin, W., Rujan, T., Richly, E., Hansen, A., Cornelsen, S., Lins, T., Leister, D., Stoebe, B., Hasegawa, M., & Penny, D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182432999 · Cited by 1,178
A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data
Baldauf, S. L., Roger, A. J., Wenk-Siefert, I., & Doolittle, W. F. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5493.972 · Cited by 1,174
A revised six-kingdom system of life
CAVALIER-SMITH, T. (1998) · Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323198005167 · Cited by 1,039
Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts
Martin, W., Stoebe, B., Goremykin, V., Hansmann, S., Hasegawa, M., & Kowallik, K. V. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30234 · Cited by 772
A Plastid of Probable Green Algal Origin in Apicomplexan Parasites
Köhler, S., Delwiche, C. F., Denny, P. W., Tilney, L. G., Webster, P., Wilson, R. J. M., Palmer, J. D., & Roos, D. S. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5305.1485 · Cited by 760
Metabolic maps and functions of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast
Ralph, S. A., van Dooren, G. G., Waller, R. F., Crawford, M. J., Fraunholz, M. J., Foth, B. J., Tonkin, C. J., Roos, D. S., & McFadden, G. I. (2004) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro843 · Cited by 624
CAVALIER‐SMITH, T. (1999) · Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04614.x · Cited by 621
Cited by
Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution
Keeling, P. J., & Palmer, J. D. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2386 · Cited by 1,355
Self-citationHohmann-Marriott, M. F., & Blankenship, R. E. (2011) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103811 · Cited by 744
Gould, S. B., Waller, R. F., & McFadden, G. I. (2008) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915 · Cited by 634
A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites
Moore, R. B., Oborník, M., Janouškovec, J., Chrudimský, T., Vancová, M., Green, D. H., Wright, S. W., Davies, N. W., Bolch, C. J. S., Heimann, K., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06635 · Cited by 476
The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae
Li-Beisson, Y., Thelen, J. J., Fedosejevs, E., & Harwood, J. L. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003 · Cited by 453
Metadata
- Authors
- Keeling, P. J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Botany
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1481-1493
- ISSN
- 0002-9122 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2197
- OpenAlex
- W2109409210
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 117
- FWCI
- 7.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481
- The paper
- Keeling, P. J. (2004). Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts. American Journal of Botany. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
