The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidences for vagus nerve in maintenance of immune balance and transmission of immune information from gut to brain in STM-infected rats
Open accessAbstract
AIM: To determine whether Salmonella Typhimurium (STM)in gastrointestinal tract can induce the functional activation of brain, whether the vagus nerve involves in signaling immune information from gastrointestinal tract to brain and how it influences the immune function under natural infection condition. METHODS: Animal model of gastrointestinal tract infection in the rat was established by an intubation of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) into stomach to mimic the condition of natural bacteria infection. Subdiagphragmatic vagotomy was performed in some of the animals 28 days before infection. The changes of Fos expression visualized with immunohistochemistry technique in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and superaoptic nucleus (SON) were counted. Meanwhile, the percentage and the Mean Intensities of Fluorescent (MIFs) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood were measured by using flow cytometry (FCM), and the pathological changes in ileum and mesenteric lymph node were observed in HE stained sections. RESULTS: In bacteria-stimulated groups, inflammatory pathological changes were seen in ileum and mesenteric lymph node. The percentages of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood were decreased from 42%+/-4.5% to 34%+/-4.9% (P<0.05) and MIFs of CD8+ T cells were also decreased from 2.9+/-0.39 to 2.1+/-0.36 (P<0.05) with STM stimulation. All of them proved that our STM-infection model was reliable. Fos immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in PVN and SON increased significantly with STM stimulation, from 189+/-41 to 467+/-62 (P<0.05) and from 64+/-21 to 282+/-47 (P<0.05) individually, which suggested that STM in gastrointestinal tract induced the functional activation of brain. Subdiagphragmatic vagotomy attenuated Fos expression in PVN and SON induced by STM, from 467+/-62 to 226+/-45 (P<0.05) and from 282+/-47 to 71+/-19 (P<0.05) individually, and restored the decreased percentages of CD4+ T cells induced by STM from 34%+/-4.9% to original level 44%+/-6.0% (P<0.05). In addition, subdiagphragmatic vagotomy itself also decreased the percentages of CD8+ T cells (from 28%+/-3.0% to 21%+/-5.9%, P<0.05) and MIFs of CD4+ (from 6.6+/-0.6 to 4.9+/-1.0, P<0.05) and CD8+ T cells (from 2.9+/-0.39 to 1.4+/-0.34, P<0.05). Both of them manifested the important role of vagus nerve in transmitting immune information from gut to brain and maintaining the immune balance of the organism. CONCLUSION: Vagus nerve does involve in transmitting abdominal immune information into the brain in STM infection condition and play an important role in maintenance of the immune balance of the organism.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“gut bacteria can interact with and activate the vagus nerve, thereby exerting effects upstream to the CNS.”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“and that neuronal activity in the PVN induced by bacterial colonization is blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (Wang et al., 2002).”
From Mechanisms underlying microbial-mediated changes in social behavior in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
Borovikova, L. V., Ivanova, S., Zhang, M., Yang, H., Botchkina, G. I., Watkins, L. R., Wang, H., Abumrad, N., Eaton, J. W., & Tracey, K. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013070 · Cited by 4,211
Mapping Patterns of c- fos Expression in the Central Nervous System After Seizure
Morgan, J. I., Cohén, D., Hempstead, J. L., & Curran, T. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3037702 · Cited by 1,786
Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system
Berthoud, H.-R., & Neuhuber, W. L. (2000) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1566-0702(00)00215-0 · Cited by 1,280 · cited 1×
“are innervated mostly by subdiagphragmatic vagus and the vagus contains important visceral sensory afferent fibers from abdominal organs [ 38 ,39]”
BackgroundCytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02047-m · Cited by 597 · cited 4×
“More and more evidences have shown that there is a complicated bidirectional inter-relationship between nervous system and immune system [ 4 ,16-23]”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway
Goehler, L. E., Gaykema, R. P. A., Hansen, M. K., Anderson, K., Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (2000) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1566-0702(00)00219-8 · Cited by 525 · cited 3×
“Two of hypothesises have been proposed [ 1-4 ]”
BackgroundResultCharacterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia
Watkins, L. R., Wiertelak, E. P., Goehler, L. E., Smith, K. P., Martin, D., & Maier, S. F. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91566-0 · Cited by 502 · cited 1×
“hyperalgesia [ 34 ,35] etc. Administration of IL-1β in hepatic portal vein induced afferent discharges of hepatic branch of vagus, but the discharges disappeared in vagotomy rats”
BackgroundEk, M., Kurosawa, M., Lundeberg, T., & Ericsson, A. B. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-22-09471.1998 · Cited by 452
The Role of the Vagus Nerve in Cytokine‐to‐Brain Communication
Maier, S. F., Goehler, L. E., Fleshner, M., & Watkins, L. R. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09569.x · Cited by 439
Dantzer, R., Konsman, J.-P., Bluthé, R.-M., & Kelley, K. W. (2000) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1566-0702(00)00220-4 · Cited by 400 · cited 3×
“Two of hypothesises have been proposed [ 1-4 ]”
BackgroundResultShanks, N., Windle, R. J., Perks, P. A., Harbuz, M. S., Jessop, D. S., Ingram, C. D., & Lightman, S. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.090571897 · Cited by 374
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Wang X, Wang BR, Ju G. The role of the vagus nerve in transmitting immune information into the brain. Shanghai Mianyixue Zazhi 2000;20:192-194.
- Wang X, Wang BR, Duan XL, Ju G. The basal expression of Fos in the rat under the normal life situation. Zhongguo Shenjing Jiepouxue Zazhi 2000;16:353-358.
- Dou DB, Cai G. Regulation of the stomach motility function. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 1999;7:353-354.
- Xia B. Pathogeny and mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2001;9:245-250.
- Wang X, Wang BR, Duan XL, Liu HL, Ju G. The expression of IL-1receptor type I in nodose ganglion and vagal paraganglion in the rat. Zhongguo Shenjing Kexue Zazhi 2000;16:90-93.
- Wang X, Cao YX, Wang BR, Xu Z, Jin L, Duan XL, Ju G. The influence of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on CD4 /CD8 T cells in peripheral blood. Xibao Fenzi Yu Mianyixue Zazhi 2000;16:230-231.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–142 of 142
Gut Microbiome in Obesity: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Interventions, and Future Directions
Vishwakarma, R. K., Gautam, P., Sahu, M., Nath, G., & Yadav, B. S. (2025) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10855-1 · Cited by 9
“Disruptions in microbial colonization or neuronal development during pre - natal or postnatal stages can predispose individuals to neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities later in life [117, 118].”
Emerging and Evolving Topics in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Treatments
Flamme, A. C. L., & Orian, J. M. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25543-9 · Cited by 7
Diet as a Modulator of Gut Microbiota May Reduce Alzheimer’s Disease Risk
Ochocińska, A., Podstawka, I., Kępka, A., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17193053 · Cited by 6
“An inadequate diet and other factors affecting afferent fibers disrupt the normal communication of the brain–gut–microbiota axis [5,36].”
Probiyotik ve Prebiyotiklerin Bağırsak-Beyin Aksına Etkisi
Özer, M., Özyurt, G., & Harsa, Ş. (2019) · Akademik Gıda · doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.613637 · Cited by 7
Kaur, A., Kaur, I. P., Chopra, K., & Rishi, P. (2022) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-022-00484-2 · Cited by 6
“Simultaneously, direct transmission of information from gut to brain through the vagus nerve might have resulted in activation of Fos immune reactive cells in the hypothalamic region of the brain which might have also contributed to effective bacterial clearance from the brain [22].”
BackgroundProbiotics in Neurology and Psychiatry
Forsythe, P., & Bienestock, J. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815462.ch22 · Cited by 7
Hassib, L., Kanashiro, A., Pedrazzi, J. F. C., Vercesi, B. F., Higa, S., Arruda, Í., Soares, Y., de Souza, A. P., Jordão, A. A., Guimarães, F. S., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100923 · Cited by 6
From environment to brain: the role of microplastics in neurobehavioral disorders
Zhang, S., Wu, J., Wu, M., Qin, Y., Zhu, N., Shen, Y., Chen, R., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1691461 · Cited by 4
Zhai, J., Li, Y., Liu, J., & Dai, C. (2026) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.70117 · Cited by 4
Gut-Brain Axis: The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Psychiatric Disorders
Evrensel, A., & Ceylan, M. E. (2015) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20150128123852 · Cited by 4
Innate Immune Signaling Pathways in Animals: Beyond Reductionism
Li, X., Yu, M., & Zhu, M. (2009) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830180902839777 · Cited by 4
The Human Microbiome—A Physiologic Perspective
Yang, X. J., Louwies, T., Mars, R. A. T., & Kashyap, P. (2024) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c230013 · Cited by 14
“Although the luminal microbiota is physically separated from the vagal afferent terminals by the gut epithelium, microbial products can still directly or indirectly stimulate the vagal nerve activity (341, 346).”
The Central Nervous System Modulates the Immune Response to Salmonella
Campos‐Rodr�guez, R., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., Elisa, M., Abarca‐Rojano, E., Berczi, I., Ventura‐Juárez, J., & Kormanovski, A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/29344 · Cited by 3
Modulation of innate immune response by the vagus nerve in experimental hepatic amebiasis in rats
Martínez-Jaimes, M. D., Lorenzana, M. G., Muñoz‐Ortega, M. H., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., Ávila‐Blanco, M. E., García-Agueda, C. E., & Ventura‐Juárez, J. (2016) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.008 · Cited by 3
Effect of Diet on Gut Microbiota as an Etiological Factor in Autism Spectrum Disorder
El-Ansary, A. K., Dera, H. S. A., & Aldahash, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811440-7.00010-7 · Cited by 3
Coprophagy prevention alters microbiome structure and function and impairs memory in a small mammalPreprint
Bo, T., Zhang, X., Kohl, K. D., Wen, J., Tian, S.-J., & Wang, D. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.17230/v1 · Cited by 3
“Gut microbes can elicit signals via the vagal nerve to the brain and vice versa[16,17].”
BackgroundÁlvarez‐Herms, J., Burtscher, M., Corbi, F., González, A., & Odriozola-Martínez, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172836 · Cited by 3
“The VN connects vital organs such as the lungs, heart, or intestines with the brain [210] through metabolites and neural discharges, influencing perceptions and behaviour [1,211–215].”
Alterations of gastrin, somatostatin, G and D cells in rat gastric ulcer
Sun, F.-P., Song, Y.-G., & Qin, H.-R. (2004) · World Chinese Journal of Digestology · doi:10.11569/wcjd.v12.i2.363 · Cited by 2
Role of Gut Microbiome in Neuromodulation
Kannan, S., Krishnamoorthy, G., Palanichamy, P., & Murugan, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5050-3_8 · Cited by 3
The role of intestinal flora in autism and nutritional approaches
Ekmekçi, A. M. (2020) · Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Transplantation Journal · doi:10.5606/dsufnjt.2020.017 · Cited by 1
“Morphine poisoning might be the most likely reason why children with autism are resistant to pain.[17,18] Although it is not clear whether the impaired microbiota is the cause or the result of autism yet, metabolites have crossed the bloodbrain barrier and formed the gut brain axis as a result of the increased permeab…”
BackgroundThe effects of dietary probiotic administration on anxiety and cognition
O’Hagan, C. (2015) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
The Gut-Brain Axis: The Role of the Gut in Brain Health
Vreeland, C., & Brogan, K. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19089-4
The gut microbiota and the CNS
Bharwani, A., & Forsythe, P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118982907.ch27
The Effect of Birth on Neural Activation in the Rodent Brain
Hoffiz, Y. C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/17328404
Miya, N. K. I. (2021) · Editora Omnis Scietia eBooks · doi:10.47094/978-65-88958-23-0/88-100
Early Life Events With Microbiota Mediated Effects on Brain Functions
Ignjatović, Đ. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00058-9
Gut Microbiota and Eating Disorders on the Extremes of Aging
Miller, B. C., Mishra, S. P., Jain, S., Marotta, F., & Yadav, H. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14023-5_6
Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Network Comprehensively Modulates the Tumor Process
Mravec, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68590-3_6
Hajibekandeh, A. M., Badri, S. M., Mousavi, S. M., Maghferati, H. P., & Ajamian, F. (2025) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2024.0015
Felisberto, A. M., Grignet, R. J., Gross, M. C., Balbo, S. L., Grignet, J. E., & Vettorazzi, J. F. (2025) · Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo · doi:10.55905/cuadv17n7-064
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432462
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432480
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432516
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432522
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432486
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432483
Lyte, J. M., Keane, J., Eckenberger, J., Anthony, N. B., Shrestha, S., Marasini, D., Daniels, K. M., Caputi, V., Donoghue, A. M., & Lyte, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432519
Ahmad, S., Aftab, M. N., Ghalib, M., & Alsam, M. S. (2026) · Gut Microbiome and Health · doi:10.1016/j.gmh.2026.100004
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, X.
- Affiliations
- Air Force Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xi
- ORCID
- Wang, Xi
- Venue
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 540
- ISSN
- 1007-9327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4656439
- OpenAlex
- W155664710
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- vagus nerve, gut-brain axis, Salmonella typhimurium, gastrointestinal infections, vagotomy, Fos expression, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, immune homeostasis, intestinal inflammation, mesenteric lymph nodes, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Male, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Salmonella typhimurium, Vagus Nerve, Neuroimmunomodulation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
