Effect of cisapride on intestinal bacterial and endotoxin translocation in cirrhosis
Open accessAbstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of cisapride on intestinal bacterial overgrowth (IBO), bacterial and endotoxin translocation, intestinal transit and permeability in cirrhotic rats. METHODS: All animals were assessed with variables including bacterial and endotoxin translocation, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal transit and permeability. Bacterial translocation (BT) was assessed by bacterial culture of MLN, liver and spleen, IBO by a jejunal bacterial count of the specific organism, intestinal permeability by determination of the 24-hour urinary (99m)Tc-DTPA excretion and intestinal transit by measurement of the distribution of (51)Cr in the intestine. RESULTS: Bacterial translocation (BT) and IBO was found in 48 % and 80 % cirrhotic rats respectively and none in control rats. Urinary excretion of (99m)Tc-DTPA in cirrhotic rats with BT (22.2+/-7.8) was greater than these without BT (10.5+/-2.9). Intestinal transit (geometric center ratio) was significantly delayed in cirrhotic rats (0.31+/-0.06) and further more delayed in cirrhotic rats with BT (0.24+/-0.06) than these without BT (0.38+/-0.11). Cirrhotic rats with IBO had significantly higher rates of intestinal bacterial and endotoxin translocation, slower intestinal transit time and higher intestinal permeability than those without IBO. It was also found that BT was closely associated with IBO and the injury of intestinal barrier. Compared with the placebo group, cisapride-treated rats had lower rates of bacterial/endotoxin translocation and IBO, which was closely associated with increased intestinal transit and improved intestinal permeability by cisapride. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that endotoxin and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats may be attributed to IBO and increased intestinal permeability. Cisapride that accelerates intestinal transit and improve intestinal permeability might be helpful in preventing intestinal bacterial and endotoxin translocation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cisapride decreases intestinal transit time and inhibits intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in animal models and cirrhosis patients.
“The prokinetic drug cisapride not only decreases intestinal transit time but also inhibits intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation, both in animal models150,151 and in patients with cirrhosis150,152.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [151]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis
Fukui, H., & Wiest, R. (2016) · Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases · doi:10.1159/000444436 · Cited by 6,820 · see citing works
Intestinal permeability: an overview
Bjarnason, I., Macpherson, A., & Hollander, D. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90708-4 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis
Caly, W. R., & Strauss, E. (1993) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80280-6 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Lactobacillus Feeding Reduces Endotoxemia and Severity of Experimental Alcoholic Liver (Disease)
Nanji, A. A., Khettry, U., & Sadrzadeh, S. M. H. (1994) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-205-43703 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis
Cirera, I., Bauer, T., Navasa, M., Vilà, J., Grande, L., Taurá, P., Fuster, J., García‐Valdecasas, J. C., Lacy, A. M., Suárez, M. J., et al. (2001) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(00)00013-1 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Accurate measurement of intestinal transit in the rat
Miller, M. S., Galligan, J. J., & Burks, T. F. (1981) · Journal of Pharmacological Methods · doi:10.1016/0160-5402(81)90110-8 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Pérez-Paramo, M., Muñoz, J., Albillos, A., Freile, I., Portero, F., Santos, M., & Ortiz-Berrocal, J. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510310109 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Bauer, T., Steinbrückner, B., Brinkmann, F., Ditzen, A. K., Schwacha, H., Aponte, J. J., Pelz, K., Kist, M., & Blum, H. E. (2001) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04668.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Chang, C., Chen, G., Lien, H., & Yeh, H. (1998) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510280504 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites
García–Tsao, G., Lee, F., Barden, G. E., Cartun, R. W., & West, A. B. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90147-7 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites
Guarner, C., Runyon, B. A., Young, S., Heck, M., & Sheikh, M. Y. (1997) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80474-6 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effect of cisapride on intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis
Pardo, A., Bartolí, R., Lorenzo-Zúñiga, V., Planas, R., Viñado, B., Riba, J., Cabré, E., Santos, J., Luque, T., Ausina, V., et al. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/he.2000.5746 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Guarner‐Argente, C., & Soriano, G. (1997) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007198 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bacterial Translocation in Acute and Chronic Portal Hypertension
Quigley, E. M. M., & García–Tsao, G. (1994) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840200145 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Madrid, A. M., Hurtado, C., Venegas, M., Cumsille, F., & Defilippi, C. (2001) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03636.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Llovet, J. M., Bartolí, R., March, F., Planas, R., Viñado, B., Cabré, E., Arnal, J., Coll, P., Ausina, V., & Gassull, M. A. (1998) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/0168-8278(88)80018-7 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Intestinal permeability in liver cirrhosis
Campillo, B., Pernet, P., Bories, P.-N., Richardet, J. P., Devanlay, M., & Aussel, C. (1999) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/00042737-199907000-00013 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Bacterial translocation in acute and chronic portal hypertension
García–Tsao, G., Albillos, A., Barden, G. E., & West, B. A. (1993) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840170622 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Llovet, J. M., Bartolí, R., Planas, R., Cabré, E., Jiménez, M., Urban, A., Ojanguren, I., Arnal, J., & Gassull, M. À. (1994) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.35.11.1648 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Prognostic Value of Plasma Endotoxin Levels in Patients with Cirrhosis
Chan, C. C., Hwang, S. J., Lee, F. Y., Wang, S. S., Chang, F. Y., Li, C. P., Chu, C. J., Lu, R. H., & Lee, S. D. (1997) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365529709011206 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Bacteremia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver
Kuo, C., Changchien, C., Yang, C., Sheen, I., & Liaw, Y. (1991) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0676.1991.tb00539.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Altered Small Bowel Motility in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Depends on Severity of Liver Disease
Madrid, A. M., Cumsille, F., & Defilíppí, C. (1997) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1018899611006 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Intestinal dysfunction in liver cirrhosis: Its role in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Ramachandran, A., & Balasubramanian, K. A. (2001) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02444.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Runyon, B. A., Borzio, M., Young, S., Squier, S. U., Guarner, C., & Runyon, M. A. (1995) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840210634 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Llovet, J. M., Bartolí, R., Planas, R., Viñado, B., Perez, J., Cabré, E., Arnal, J., Ojanguren, I., Ausina, V., & Gassull, M. A. (1996) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510230419 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Casafont, F., Sánchez, E., Martin, L., Calvo, J. A., & Romero, F. P. (1997) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510250605 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Small intestinal transit in the portal hypertensive rat
Reilly, J. A., Quigley, E. M. M., Forst, C. F., & Rikkers, L. F. (1991) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)80010-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Guarner, C., Runyon, B. A., Heck, M., Young, S., & Sheikh, M. Y. (1999) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1026649730012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bile Mediates Intestinal Pathology in Endotoxemia in Rats
Jackson, G. D. F., Dai, Y., & Sewell, W. A. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.8.4714-4719.2000 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Influence of intestinal flora on the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis in a rat model1
Plummer, J. L., Ossowicz, C. J., Whibley, C. E., Ilsley, A. H., & Hall, P. D. L. Μ. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.2340.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Small bowel motility in primary biliary cirrhosis
Madrid, A. M., Brahm, J., Antezana, C., González-Koch, A., Defilíppí, C., Pimentel, C., Danny Oksenberg, R., & Defilíppí, C. (1998) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00700.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Veal, N., Auduberteau, H., Lemarié, C., Oberti, F., & Calès, P. (2001) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1012395013396 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Influence of intestinal flora on the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis in a rat model 1
Plummer, J. L., Ossowicz, C. J., Whibley, C. E., Ilsley, A. H., & Hall, P. D. L. Μ. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02340.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mortality Associated With Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Achord, J. L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200110000-00001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Plummer JL, Ossowicz CJ, Whibley C, Ilsley AH, Hall PD. Influ- ence of intestinal flora on the development of fibrosis and cir- rhosis in rat model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15: 1307-1311
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis†
Wiest, R., & Garcia‐Tsao, G. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20632 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation
Yu, L.-X., & Schwabe, R. F. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.72 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Bacterial Infections, Sepsis, and Multiorgan Failure in Cirrhosis
Tandon, P., & García–Tsao, G. (2008) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040319 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: recent guidelines and beyond
Wiest, R., Krag, A. A., & Gerbes, A. (2011) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300779 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Roles of Antibiotics, Prebiotics, and Probiotics
Quigley, E. M. M., & Quera, R. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.046 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill – evidence and methods of prevention
Gatt, M., REDDY, B. S., & Macfie, J. M. (2006) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03174.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Gut microflora in the pathogenesis of the complications of cirrhosis
García–Tsao, G., & Wiest, R. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Microbial Translocation in Chronic Liver Diseases
Pinzone, M. R., Celesia, B. M., Rosa, M. D., Cacopardo, B. S., & Nunnari, G. (2012) · International Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2012/694629 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: treatment and prophylaxis
García–Tsao, G. (2004) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The intestinal flora and bacterial infection in cirrhosis
Riordan, S. M., & Williams, R. L. (2006) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.001 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Gut flora and bacterial translocation in chronic liver disease
Almeida, J. A. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1493 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gut Bacterial Translocation Contributes to Microinflammation in Experimental Uremia
Wang, F., Zhang, P., Jiang, H., & Cheng, S. (2012) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2242-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Merli, M., Lucidi, C., Gregorio, V. D., Giannelli, V., Giusto, M., Ceccarelli, G., Riggio, O., & Venditti, M. (2014) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.12593 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kwak, D. S., Jun, D. W., Seo, J. G., Chung, W., Park, S.-E., Lee, K. N., Saeed, W. K., Lee, H. L., Lee, O. Y., Yoon, B. C., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000214 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a historical perspective
García–Tsao, G. (2004) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Twardowska, A., Makaro, A., Binienda, A., Fichna, J., & Sałaga, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063204 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Nose, K., Yang, H., Sun, X., Nose, S., Koga, H., Feng, Y., Miyasaka, E., & Teitelbaum, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2009.0046 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Intestinal permeability in a patient with liver cirrhosis
Aguirre-Valádez, J., Rivera-Espinosa, L., Méndez-Guerrero, O., Chávez-Pacheco, J. L., Juárez, I. G., & Torre, A. (2016) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s115902 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sánchez, E., Casafont, F., Guerra, A., de Benito, I., & Pons‐Romero, F. (2005) · Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas · doi:10.4321/s1130-01082005001100005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bacterial infections and hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis–prophylaxis and treatment
Piotrowski, D., & Boroń‐Kaczmarska, A. (2017) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2016.11.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hepatosplanchnic circulation in cirrhosis and sepsis
Prin, M. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i9.2582 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Tang, Z. (2007) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i15.2223 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bacterial translocation in critical illness
Krentz, T., & Allen, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.12626 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders and Their Clinical Implications in Cirrhosis
Theocharidou, E., Dhar, A., & Patch, D. (2017) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2017/8270310 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Novel prevention strategies for bacterial infections in cirrhosis
Yan, K. G., & García–Tsao, G. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1145663 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Seerden, T. C. J., Man, J. G. D., Holzer, P. D., den Bossche, R. M. V., Herman, A. G., Pelckmans, P. A., & Winter, B. Y. D. (2007) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00968.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Current Status and Prospects of Spontaneous Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis
Li, Y., Huang, J., & Peng, M. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/3743962 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Microbial Infections as a Trigger for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Review
Cai, Q., Liu, W., Zhu, M., & Sheng, J. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.915637 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ara, C., Eşrefoğlu, M., Polat, A., Işık, B., Aladağ, M., Gül, M., Ay, S., Tekerleklioglu, M. S., & Yılmaz, S. (2006) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9130-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xu, H., Xiong, J., Xu, J., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Chen, D., Cai, X., Jian, P., Deng, M., & Chen, J. (2017) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-017-4704-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qu, Y., Wang, Z., Ning, L., Li, J., Zou, J., & Fan, L. (2021) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/are.15206 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Assessment of Intestinal Permeability Using Polyethylene Glycol in Liver Cirrhosis with Ascites
Han, M.-J., Lee, S., Lim, J.-K., Lee, H. M., Han, M.-S., Kim, W. J., Park, I.-H., & Son, S.-C. (2008) · Chonnam Medical Journal · doi:10.4068/cmj.2008.44.2.87 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Infeções bacterianas no doente com cirrose hepática
Carrola, P., Militão, I., & Presa, J. (2013) · GE Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.jpg.2012.09.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fryer, J. P., & Newell, K. A. (2004) · Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.mot.0000127451.07864.56 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bacterial Translocation and Alterations of the Digestive System
Wiest, R. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-866-9_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hsieh, Y., Lee, M., Lee, K., Yang, Y., Hou, M., & Lin, H. (2018) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2018.01.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Role of Bile in Intestinal Motility After Massive Liver Resection in Conscious Rats
Ma, C., Shimura, T., Suehiro, T., Takahashi, A., Mochiki, E., Asao, T., & Kuwano, H. (2008) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Drug therapies in liver disease
Collins, P. L., Ayres, L., & Valliani, T. (2013) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-6-585 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis – Prophylaxis and Treatment
Wiest, R., & Garcia-Tsao, G. (2011) · Frontiers of gastrointestinal research · doi:10.1159/000318963
Mulyadi, Y., Gani, R. A., Abdullah, M., & Shatri, H. (2012) · The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy · doi:10.24871/1332012130-135
Novel insights into the role of bacterial gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma
Chang, R., Zhang, L., Qiu, G., Xu, X., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Cancer translational medicine · doi:10.4103/ctm.ctm_8_18
Cinader, B. (1975) · PubMed
- Authors
- Zhang, S.-C.
- Venue
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 534
- ISSN
- 1007-9327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4621577
- OpenAlex
- W1543160998
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- cisapride, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, endotoxin translocation, liver cirrhosis, intestinal transit, intestinal permeability, intestinal barrier injury
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Biological Transport, Endotoxins, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Transit, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental, Male, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Bacterial Translocation, Cisapride, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
