Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: a review
Open accessAbstract
Studies investigating the influence of the learner's focus of attention, induced by instructions or feedback, on motor skill learning are reviewed. In general, directing performers' attention to the effects of their movements (external focus of attention) appears to be more beneficial than directing their attention to their own movements (internal focus of attention). Preliminary evidence is presented indicating that an internal attentional focus constrains the motor system by interfering with natural control processes, whereas an external focus seems to allow automatic control processes to regulate the movements. Support for the view that actions are controlled by their anticipated effects comes from research demonstrating functional variability in motor control, as well as the benefits of purposeful activity in occupational therapy. We explain these results in terms of the ideomotor principle of human actions (James, 1890) and its more modern derivatives (Hommel, 1996; Prinz, 1990, 1997).
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Five biomechanical variables-lateral trunk flexion, knee-to-hip joint moment ratio, knee abduction moment, vertical ground reaction force ratio, and foot center of pressure location-have been identified as ACL injury risk factors.
“five kinematic and kinetic variables previously identified as ACL-injury risk factors (for justification and references see Table 1)”
From Injury Risk Factors Integrated Into Self-Guided Real-Time Biofeedback Improves High-Risk Biomechanics (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
The 'ATTENTIONAL FOCUS AND MOTOR CONTROL' passages (page unavailable) discuss balance, movement control, and attentional focus, not ACL injury risk factors. Searches for the named biomechanical variables and for anterior cruciate ligament injury returned no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExisting ACL injury prevention programs have not reduced the high rate of ACL injuries in adolescent female athletes.
“Existing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programs have failed to reverse the high rate of ACL injuries in adolescent female athletes.”
From Injury Risk Factors Integrated Into Self-Guided Real-Time Biofeedback Improves High-Risk Biomechanics (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) discuss how attentional focus might improve motor learning and potentially reduce injuries, but do not evaluate ACL injury prevention programs or injury rates. Searches for ACL prevention and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescent female athletes found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Wulf, G., & Prinz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wulf, Gabriele
- Venue
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 648-660
- ISSN
- 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2046937901
- Cited by
- 729
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 24.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Keywords
- motor skill learning, attentional focus, external attention, internal focus, motor control, automatic control, functional variation, occupational therapy, feedback
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Humans, Learning, Movement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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