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THE EATING HABITS OF MILKY WAY-MASS HALOS: DESTROYED DWARF SATELLITES AND THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF ACCRETED STARS
Open accessAbstract
We study the mass spectrum of destroyed dwarfs that contribute to the accreted stellar mass of Milky Way (MW)-mass (M vir ∼ 10 12.1 M ⊙) halos using a suite of 45 zoom-in dissipationless simulations. Empirical models are employed to relate (peak) subhalo mass to dwarf stellar mass, and we use constraints from z = 0 observations and hydrodynamical simulations to estimate the metallicity distribution of the accreted stellar material. The dominant contributors to the accreted stellar mass are relatively massive dwarfs with M star ∼ 10 8–10 10 M ⊙. Halos with more quiescent accretion histories tend to have lower mass progenitors (10 8–10 9 M ⊙), and lower overall accreted stellar masses. Ultra-faint mass (M star < 10 5 M ⊙) dwarfs contribute a negligible amount (≪1%) to the accreted stellar mass and, despite having low average metallicities, supply a small fraction (∼2%–5%) of the very metal-poor stars with [Fe/H] < −2. Dwarfs with masses 10 5 < M star/M ⊙ < 10 8 provide a substantial amount of the very metal-poor stellar material (∼40%–80%), and even relatively metal-rich dwarfs with M star > 10 8 M ⊙ can contribute a considerable fraction (∼20%–60%) of metal-poor stars if their metallicity distributions have significant metal-poor tails. Finally, we find that the generic assumption of a quiescent assembly history for the MW halo seems to be in tension with the mass spectrum of its surviving dwarfs. We suggest that the MW could be a “transient fossil”; a quiescent halo with a recent accretion event(s) that disguises the preceding formation history of the halo.
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Harmsen, B., Bell, E. F., D’Souza, R., Monachesi, A., de Jong, R. S., Smercina, A., Jang, I. S., & Holwerda, B. W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2480 · Cited by 15
Ahvazi, N., Sales, L. V., Doppel, J. E., Benson, A., D’Souza, R., & Rodríguez-Gómez, V. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae848 · Cited by 15
Unveiling the formation channels of stellar halos through their chemical fingerprints
Gonzalez-Jara, J., Tissera, P. B., Monachesi, A., Sillero, E., Pallero, D., Pedrosa, S., Tau, E. A., Tapia-Contreras, B., & Bignone, L. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452639 · Cited by 14
METALLICITY AND AGE OF THE STELLAR STREAM AROUND THE DISK GALAXY NGC 5907
Laine, S. J., Grillmair, C. J., Capak, P. L., Arendt, R. G., Romanowsky, A. J., Martínez-Delgado, D., Ashby, M. L. N., Davies, J. E., Majewski, S. R., Brodie, J. P., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/72 · Cited by 14
Discovery of 18 Stars with −3.10 < [Fe/H] < −1.45 in the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
Chiti, A., Hansen, K. Y., & Frebel, A. (2020) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 14
METALLICITY AND AGE OF THE STELLAR STREAM AROUND THE DISK GALAXY NGC 5907
Laine, S. J., Grillmair, C. J., Capak, P. L., Arendt, R. G., Romanowsky, A. J., Martínez‐Delgado, D., Ashby, M. L. N., Davies, J. E., Majewski, S. R., Brodie, J. P., et al. (2016) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2asva-lgoh · Cited by 14
Placco, V. M., Limberg, G., Chiti, A., Prabhu, D. S., Ji, A. P., Barbosa, F. O., Cerny, W., Pace, A. B., Stringfellow, G. S., Sand, D. J., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf846 · Cited by 18
On the edge: the relation between stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Genina, A., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad397 · Cited by 13
Self-citationThe Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS)
Sestito, F., Arentsen, A., Vitali, S., Montelius, M., Lucchesi, R., Venn, K. A., Martin, N. F., Navarro, J. F., & Starkenburg, E. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451258 · Cited by 17
The role of stochastic and smooth processes in regulating galaxy quenching
Kipper, R., Tamm, A., Tempel, E., de Propris, R., & Veena, P. G. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039648 · Cited by 13
Kolborg, A. N., Martizzi, D., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Pfister, H., Sakari, C. M., Wechsler, R. H., & Soares-Furtado, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac8c98 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAuriga Streams – I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
Riley, A. H., Shipp, N., Simpson, C. M., Bieri, R., Fattahi, A., Brown, S. T., Oman, K. A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1350 · Cited by 31
Safarzadeh, M., Ji, A. P., Dooley, G. A., Frebel, A., Scannapieco, E. S., Gómez, F. A., & O’Shea, B. W. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty595 · Cited by 12
The role of accreted and in situ populations in shaping the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies
Tau, E. A., Monachesi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., van de Voort, F., Gonzalez-Jara, J., Tissera, P. B., Marinacci, F., & Bieri, R. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453488 · Cited by 16
The role of stochastic and smooth processes in regulating galaxy quenching
Kipper, R., Tamm, A., Tempel, E., Propris, R. D., & Veena, P. G. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039648/pdf · Cited by 11
Observing the Stellar Halo of Andromeda in Cosmological Simulations: The AURIGA2PANDAS Pipeline
Thomas, G. F., Martin, N. F., Fattahi, A., Ibata, R., Helly, J. C., McConnachie, A. W., Frenk, C., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Gwyn, S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abdfd2 · Cited by 12
Simulations of satellite tidal debris in the Milky Way halo
Mazzarini, M., Just, A., Macciò, A. V., & Moetazedian, R. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037558 · Cited by 7
On the mass assembly history of the Milky Way: clues from its stellar halo
Horta, D., & Schiavon, R. P. (2024) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-024-04370-y · Cited by 6
Folsom, D., Lisanti, M., Necib, L., Horta, D., Vogelsberger, M., & Hernquist, L. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbe31 · Cited by 6
Survivors and Zombies: The Quenching and Disruption of Satellites Around Milky Way Analogs
Pathak, D., Christensen, C., Brooks, A. M., Munshi, F., Wright, A. C., & Carter, C. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adec94 · Cited by 6
From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia -Enceladus/Sausage progenitor
Carrillo, A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Grand, R. J. J., & Fragkoudi, F. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag111 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAuriDESI: mock catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
Kizhuprakkat, N., Cooper, A. P., Riley, A. H., Koposov, S. E., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Prieto, C. A., Brooks, D., Claybaugh, T., Dawson, K., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1415 · Cited by 11
Progenitor Diversity in the Accreted Stellar Halos of Milky Way–like Galaxies
Pu, S.-Y., Cooper, A. P., Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., & Monachesi, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada382 · Cited by 5
Tracing the anemic stellar halo of M 101
Jang, I. S., de Jong, R. S., Holwerda, B. W., Monachesi, A., Bell, E. F., & Bailin, J. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936994/pdf · Cited by 4
Beltrand, C., Monachesi, A., D’Souza, R., Bell, E. F., de Jong, R. S., Gómez, F. A., Bailin, J., Jang, I. S., & Smercina, A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450626 · Cited by 4
Tronrud, T., Tissera, P. B., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Marinacci, F., & Simpson, C. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2027 · Cited by 4
Observations of R-Process Stars in the Milky Way and Dwarf Galaxies
Frebel, A., & Ji, A. P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_92-1 · Cited by 4
What Is Missing from the Local Stellar Halo?
Sharpe, K., Naidu, R. P., & Conroy, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad19ca · Cited by 4
The “Building Blocks” of Stellar Halos
Oman, K. A., Starkenburg, E., & Navarro, J. F. (2017) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies5030033 · Cited by 4
He, W.-T., Du, M., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554551 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Deason, A. J., Mao, Y.-Y., & Wechsler, R. H.
- Affiliations
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deason, Alis J.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2016-04-01
- Volume
- 821
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2256344593
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (-AC02-05CH11231, 05CH11231, DE AC02 05CH11231, DE-AC02-)
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (DE–AC02–05CH11231, 05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231)
- Office of Science (DEAC02–05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC02, 05CH11231)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (DE-AC02-05-CH11231)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic halo, dwarf satellite galaxies, metallicity distribution, very metal-poor stars, halo assembly history, quiescent accretion
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