The total stellar halo mass of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We measure the total stellar halo luminosity using red giant branch (RGB) stars selected from Gaia data release 2. Using slices in magnitude, colour, and location on the sky, we decompose RGB stars belonging to the disc and halo by fitting two-dimensional Gaussians to the Galactic proper motion distributions. The number counts of RGB stars are converted to total stellar halo luminosity using a suite of isochrones weighted by age and metallicity, and by applying a volume correction based on the stellar halo density profile. Our method is tested and calibrated using Galaxia and N-body models. We find a total luminosity (out to 100 kpc) of $L_{\rm halo} = 7.9 \pm 2.0 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ excluding Sgr, and $L_{\rm halo} = 9.4 \pm 2.4 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ including Sgr. These values are appropriate for our adopted stellar halo density profile and metallicity distribution, but additional systematics related to these assumptions are quantified and discussed. Assuming a stellar mass-to-light ratio appropriate for a Kroupa initial mass function (M⋆/L = 1.5), we estimate a stellar halo mass of $M^\star _{\rm halo} = 1.4 \pm 0.4\times 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This mass is larger than previous estimates in the literature, but is in good agreement with the emerging picture that the (inner) stellar halo is dominated by one massive dwarf progenitor. Finally, we argue that the combination of a ${\sim}10^9\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ mass and an average metallicity of 〈[Fe/H]〉 ∼ −1.5 for the Galactic halo points to an ancient (∼10 Gyr) merger event.
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The total accreted stellar mass is similar in mass to the stellar halo (1.4 ± 0.4 × 10^9 Msun).
“which is similar in mass to the stellar halo (1 : 4 0 : 4 10 9 M , see Deason et al. 2019).”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Deason et al. 2019
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Pila-Díez, B., de Jong, J. T. A., Kuijken, K. H., van der Burg, R. F. J., & Hoekstra, H. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425457 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Profile of the Galactic Halo from Pan-STARRS1 3π RR Lyrae
Hernitschek, N., Cohen, J., Rix, H., Sesar, B., Martin, N. F., Magnier, E. A., Wainscoat, R., Kaiser, N., Tonry, J. L., Kudritzki, R., et al. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Stellar Mass of M31 as inferred by the Andromeda Optical & Infrared Disk Survey
Sick, J., Courteau, S., Cuillandre, J., Dalcanton, J. J., de Jong, R., McDonald, M., Simard, D., & Tully, R. B. (2014) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921315003440 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The aftermath of the Great Collision between our Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud
Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., & McAlpine, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3084 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRR LYRAE IN XSTPS: THE HALO DENSITY PROFILE IN THE NORTH GALACTIC CAP
Faccioli, L., Smith, M. C., Yuan, H., Zhang, H. H., Liu, X.-W., Zhao, H., & Yao, J. S. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/788/2/105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
THE STELLAR DENSITY PROFILE OF THE DISTANT GALACTIC HALO
Slater, C. T., Nidever, D. L., Munn, J. A., Bell, E. F., & Majewski, S. R. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/206 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Stellar Metallicity Distribution of the Galactic Halo Based on SCUSS and SDSS Data
Zuo, W., Du, C., Jing, Y., Gu, J., Newberg, H. J., Wu, Z., Ma, J., & Zhou, X. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa70e6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Belokurov, V., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.04679
Self-citationCañas, R., Lagos, C. D. P., Elahi, P. J., Power, C., Welker, C., Dubois, Y., & Pichon, C. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.02945
Resolving the Metallicity Distribution of the Stellar Halo with the H3 Survey
Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., Cargile, P., Johnson, B. D., & Caldwell, N. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.02007
Weighing the stellar constituents of the Galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
Mackereth, J. T., & Bovy, J. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.03590
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Di Matteo P., Haywood M., Lehnert M. D., Katz D., Khoperskov S., Snaith O. N., Gómez A., Robichon N., 2018, preprint (arXiv:e-print)
- Sick J., Courteau S., Cuilland re J.-C., Dalcanton J., de Jong R., McDonald M., Simard D., Tully R. B., 2015, in Cappellari M., Courteau S., eds, Proc. IAU Symp. 311, Galaxy Masses as Constraints of Formation Models. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p.
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Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
Self-citationBelokurov, V. A., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa876 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationKruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“The sum of their stellar masses is log (M?,tot/M ) = 9.0±0.1, similar to the mass of the Galactic stellar halo (1.4±0.4× 109 M , see Deason et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHorta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Mackereth, J. T., Pfeffer, J., Mason, A. C., Kisku, S. S., Fragkoudi, F., Prieto, C. A., Cunha, K., Hasselquist, S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2987 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Age dissection of the Milky Way discs: Red giants in the Kepler field
Miglio, A., Chiappini, C., Mackereth, J. T., Davies, G., Brogaard, K., Casagrande, L., Chaplin, W., Girardi, L., Kawata, D., Khan, S., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038307 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Malhan, K., Ibata, R., Sharma, S., Famaey, B., Bellazzini, M., Carlberg, R. G., D’Souza, R., Yuan, Z., Martin, N. F., & Thomas, G. F. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d2a · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Weinberger, R., Ting, Y.-S., Caldwell, N., Tacchella, S., Han, J., Speagle, J. S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Fragkoudi, F., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Blázquez-Calero, G., Gargiulo, I. D., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., Monachesi, A., Ness, M., Pérez, I., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1104 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The dual origin of the Galactic thick disc and halo from the gas-rich Gaia–Enceladus Sausage merger
Grand, R. J. J., Kawata, D., Belokurov, V. A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2057 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationFeuillet, D. K., Feltzing, S., Sahlholdt, C., & Casagrande, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1888 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
FIREbox: simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
Feldmann, R., Quataert, E., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Hopkins, P. F., Çatmabacak, O., Kereš, D., Bassini, L., Bernardini, M., Bullock, J. S., Cenci, E., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1205 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Weighing the stellar constituents of the galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
Mackereth, J. T., & Bovy, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa047 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The chemo-dynamical groups of Galactic globular clusters
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1145 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationBelokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3920 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationNIHAO-UHD: The properties of MW-like stellar disks in high resolution cosmological simulations
Buck, T., Obreja, A., Macciò, A. V., Minchev, I., Dutton, A. A., & Ostriker, J. P. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3241 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dear Magellanic Clouds, welcome back!
Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2612 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Belokurov, V. A., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Yang, C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3984 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic Archaeology with Gaia
Deason, A. J., & Belokurov, V. A. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101706 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMartin, G., Bazkiaei, A. E., Spavone, M., Iodice, E., Mihos, J. C., Montes, M., Benavides, J. A., Brough, S., Carlin, J. L., Collins, C. A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Implications of a rapidly varying FRB in a globular cluster of M81
Lu, W., Beniamini, P., & Kumar, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3500 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey
Martínez‐Delgado, D., Cooper, A. P., Román, J., Pillepich, A., Erkal, D., Pearson, S., Moustakas, J., Laporte, C. F. P., Laine, S. J., Akhlaghi, M., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Nitrogen enrichment and clustered star formation at the dawn of the Galaxy
Belokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2241 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMilky Way's Eccentric Constituents with Gaia, APOGEE, and GALAH
Myeong, G., Belokurov, V. A., Aguado, D. S., Evans, N. W., Caldwell, N., & Bradley, J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8d68 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMilky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
Hunt, J. D., & Vasiliev, E. (2025) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101721 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
Cunningham, E. C., Garavito-Camargo, N., Deason, A. J., Johnston, K. V., Erkal, D., Laporte, C. F. P., Besla, G., Luger, R., & Sanderson, R. E. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9b88 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Stellar Halo of the Galaxy is Tilted and Doubly Broken
Han, J., Conroy, C., Johnson, B. D., Speagle, J. S., Bonaca, A., Chandra, V., Naidu, R. P., Ting, Y.-S., Woody, T., & Zaritsky, D. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac97e9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the artemis simulations
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Font, A. S., & McCarthy, I. G. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1038 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationThe kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3755 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The contribution of N-rich stars to the Galactic stellar halo using APOGEE red giants
Horta, D., Mackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Hasselquist, S., Bovy, J., Prieto, C. A., Beers, T. C., Cunha, K., García-Hernández, D. A., Kisku, S. S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3598 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Александрович, Х. С., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Renaud, F., & Combes, F. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245128 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The stellar mass of the Gaia -Sausage/Enceladus accretion remnant
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2834 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Milky Way’s Shell Structure Reveals the Time of a Radial Collision
Donlon, T., Newberg, H. J., Sanderson, R. E., & Widrow, L. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Saga of M81: Global View of a Massive Stellar Halo in Formation
Smercina, A., Bell, E. F., Price, P. A., Slater, C. T., D’Souza, R., Bailin, J., de Jong, R. S., Jang, I. S., Monachesi, A., & Nidever, D. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc485 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Milky Way total mass derived by rotation curve and globular cluster kinematics from Gaia EDR3
Wang, J., Hammer, F., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3258 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fernandes, L., Mason, A. C., Horta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Hayes, C. R., Hasselquist, S., Feuillet, D. K., Beaton, R. L., Jönsson, H., Kisku, S. S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3543 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pfeffer, J., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., Hughes, M. E., Reina-Campos, M., & Bastian, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3109 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dwarf stellar haloes: a powerful probe of small-scale galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter
Deason, A. J., Bose, S., Fattahi, A., Amorisco, N. C., Hellwing, W. A., & Frenk, C. S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3524 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrillo, A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Callingham, T. M., & Grand, R. J. J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3274 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationRR Lyrae from binary evolution: abundant, young, and metal-rich
Bobrick, A., Iorio, G., Belokurov, V. A., Vos, J., Vučković, M., & Giacobbo, N. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3996 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationWanajo, S., Hirai, Y., & Prantzos, N. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1655 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gieles, M., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1287 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
How unusual is the Milky Way’s assembly history?
Evans, T. A., Fattahi, A., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2202 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a Direct Measure of the Galactic Acceleration
Chakrabarti, S., Wright, J., Chang, P., Quillen, A., Craig, P., Territo, J., D’Onghia, E., Johnston, K. V., Rosa, R. J. D., Huber, D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lagarde, N., Reylé, C., Chiappini, C., Mor, R., Anders, F., Figueras, F., Miglio, A., Romero-Gómez, M., Antoja, T., Cabral, N., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039982 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mapping the anisotropic Galactic stellar halo with blue horizontal branch stars
Amarante, J. A. S., Koposov, S. E., & Laporte, C. F. P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450351 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Reina-Campos, M., Pfeffer, J., Keller, B., Crain, R. A., Bastian, N., & Hughes, M. E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab341 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reina-Campos, M., Hughes, M. E., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J., Bastian, N., Crain, R. A., Koch, A., & Grebel, E. K. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa483 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Haywood, M., Matteo, P. D., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244232 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCosmological insights into the assembly of the radial and compact stellar halo of the Milky Way
Elias, L. M., Sales, L. V., Helmi, A., & Hernquist, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1090 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How cosmological merger histories shape the diversity of stellar haloes
Rey, M. P., & Starkenburg, T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3709 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chemodynamical models of our Galaxy
Binney, J. J., & Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3312 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Churazov, E., Khabibullin, I. I., Bykov, A. M., Чугай, Н. Н., Sunyaev, R., & Зинченко, И. И. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2125 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Relating the Diverse Merger Histories and Satellite Populations of Nearby Galaxies
Smercina, A., Bell, E. F., Samuel, J., & D’Souza, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5d56 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Horta, D., Cunningham, E. C., Sanderson, R. E., Johnston, K. V., Panithanpaisal, N., Arora, A., Necib, L., Wetzel, A. R., Bailin, J., & Faucher‐Giguère, C. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acae87 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dwarf galaxy archaeology from chemical abundances and star-formation histories
Johnson, J. W., Conroy, C., Johnson, B., Peter, A., Cargile, P., Bonaca, A., Naidu, R., Woody, T., Ting, Y.-S., Han, J., et al. (2022) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2985 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Proctor, K. L., Lagos, C. D. P., Ludlow, A. D., & Robotham, A. S. G. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3341 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
Laporte, C. F. P., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Hill, V., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038740 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Did the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage merger form the Milky Way’s bar?
Merrow, A., Grand, R. J. J., Fragkoudi, F., & Martig, M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1250 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Episodic and Multiscale Galactic Centre
Bryant, A., & Krabbe, A. (2021) · New astronomy reviews (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2021.101630 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., Knebe, A., Sorce, J. G., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244234 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, W., Zhao, G., Xue, X.-X., Bird, S., & Yang, C. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac31ac · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chemical Cartography of the Sagittarius Stream with Gaia
Cunningham, E. C., Hunt, J. D., Price-Whelan, A. M., Johnston, K. V., Ness, M., Lu, Y., Escala, I., & Stelea, I. A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad187b · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Medina, G. E., Muñoz, R. R., Carlin, J. L., Vivas, A. K., Grebel, E. K., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., & Hansen, C. J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1137 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Liu, G., Huang, Y., Bird, S., Zhang, H., Wang, F., & Tian, H. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2666 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Taking the Milky Way for a spin: disc formation in the artemis simulations
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Kravtsov, A. V., & Font, A. S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3369 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationAn, D., & Beers, T. C. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac07a4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Janssens, S. R., Forbes, D. A., Romanowsky, A. J., Gannon, J. S., Pfeffer, J., Couch, W. J., Brodie, J. P., Harris, W. E., Durrell, P. R., & Bekki, K. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2137 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tidally stripped halo stars from the Large Magellanic Cloud in the Galactic North
Petersen, M. S., Peñarrubia, J., & Jones, E. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1429 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Modelling the stellar halo with RR-Lyrae stars
Li, C., & Binney, J. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3711 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Warm Gas in the MW: A Kinematical Model
Qu, Z., Bregman, J. N., Hodges-Kluck, E., Li, J.-T., & Lindley, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab774e · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
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Li, S., Wang, W., Koposov, S. E., Amarante, J. A. S., Deason, A. J., Sandford, N. R., Li, T. S., Medina, G. E., Han, J., Valluri, M., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae41b9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., & Sanders, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deason, Alis J
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-10-07
- Volume
- 490
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3426-3439
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2979777208
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000541/1, ST/K00042X/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- European Space Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, halo mass, red giant branch stars, metallicity distribution, Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, stellar mass-to-light ratio, Kroupa initial mass function, Gaia DR2
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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