The Demographics of Rocky Free-floating Planets and their Detectability by WFIRST
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Planets are thought to form via accretion from a remnant disk of gas and solids around a newly formed star. During this process, material in the disk either remains bound to the star as part of either a planet, a smaller celestial body, or makes up part of the the interplanetary medium; falls into the star; or is ejected from the system. Herein we use dynamical models to probe the abundance and properties of ejected material during late-stage planet formation and estimate their contribution to the free-floating planet population. We present 300 N-body simulations of terrestrial planet formation around a solar-type star, with and without giant planets present, using a model that accounts for collisional fragmentation. In simulations with Jupiter and Saturn analogs, about one-third of the initial (∼5 M ⊕) disk mass is ejected, about half in planets more massive than Mercury but with a mass lower than 0.3 M ⊕, and the remainder in smaller bodies. Most ejections occur within 25 Myr, which is shorter than the timescale typically required for Earth-mass planets to grow (30–100 Myr). When giant planets are omitted from our simulations, almost no material is ejected within 200 Myr and only about 1% of the initial disk is ejected by 2 Gyr. We show that about 2.5 terrestrial-mass planets are ejected per star in the Galaxy. We predict that the space-borne microlensing search for free-floating planets from the Wide-Field Infra-Red Space Telescope will discover up to 15 Mars-mass planets, but few free-floating Earth-mass planets.
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Systems with gas giants on stable orbits can eject planetesimals on longer timescales.
“and while systems with gas giants on stable orbits can eject planetesimals on longer timescales (Raymond et al. 2011;Barclay et al. 2017)”
From Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) (2017) · cites this paper as Barclay et al. 2017
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Barclay, T., Quintana, E. V., Raymond, S. N., & Penny, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barclay, Thomas
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2017-05-26
- Volume
- 841
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 86
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2610937365
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- free-floating planets, planet ejection, terrestrial planet formation, disk fragmentation, collisional fragmentation, giant planets, WFIRST, Earth-mass planets, solar-type stars
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