CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 60Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

Resolving Quiescent Galaxies at z ≳ 2. I. Search for Gravitationally Lensed Sources and Characterization of Their Structure, Stellar Populations, and Line Emission

Open access
Newman, Andrew B., Belli, Sirio, Ellis, Richard S., Patel, Shannon G.·2018·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/aacd4d
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Quiescent galaxies at z ≳ 2 are compact and have weak or absent emission lines, making it difficult to spatially resolve their kinematics and stellar populations using ground-based spectroscopy. Gravitationally lensed examples provide a promising route forward, but such objects are very rare. We describe a search in the fields of 232 galaxy clusters that has uncovered five bright (H AB < 20) lensed galaxies with red near-infrared colors. These include MRG-M0138, which is the brightest lensed galaxy known in the near-infrared. Analysis of near-infrared spectra and multiband photometry confirms that all are quiescent galaxies at z = 1.95–2.64 with stellar ages of 0.5–1.4 Gyr (corresponding to formation epochs z form ≃ 3–4) and stellar masses of , where μ is the magnification. In three cases, we derive lens models and reconstruct the source structure; these galaxies are massive ( ) and follow the mass–size relation defined by unlensed samples. In two of these three galaxies, the main structural component is an inclined disk. Weak emission lines are detected in four of five galaxies with high ratios [N ii]/H α ≃ 2–6 that are inconsistent with a star formation origin. Based on the line ratios, the H α equivalent widths, and the distribution and kinematics of the gas, we infer that shocks are likely to be present in at least two galaxies and could be present in all of the line emitters. We speculate that these could be analogs of local galaxies in which AGN jet-driven outflows are thought to heat the interstellar medium and suppress star formation. In further papers, we will present spatially resolved measurements of the stellar populations and kinematics of this unique sample.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3847/1538-4357/aacd4d

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The primary lensed source of MACSJ0138 is a quiescent galaxy at z = 1.95 known as MRG-0138.

    “whose primary source is a quiescent galaxy at z=1.95 known as MRG-0138 Newman et al. [30].”

    From Constraint on dark matter self-interaction from combined strong lensing and stellar kinematics in MACS J0138-2155 (2026) · cites this paper as Newman et al. [30]

  • Acebron et al. [38] noted that their predicted magnifications strongly disagree with previously reported lens models in [30, 31].

    “Acebron et al. [38] similarly noted that their predicted magnifications strongly disagree with previously reported lens models in [30, 31].”

    From Constraint on dark matter self-interaction from combined strong lensing and stellar kinematics in MACS J0138-2155 (2026) · cites this paper as [30]

    Section 5.1.2, “Magnification Uncertainties” (page unavailable), reports differences between Newman et al.’s own lens models, but does not address Acebron et al.’s predictions or their comparison with the previously reported models in [30, 31]. Searches for Acebron and for disagreement with previous lens models found no passage establishing the attributed statement. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 129

  1. Alam, S., Albareti, F. D., Allende Prieto, C., et al. 2015, ApJS, 219, 12 · DOI
  2. Alatalo, K., Lacy, M., Lanz, L., et al. 2015, ApJ, 798, 31 · DOI
  3. Allam, S. S., Tucker, D. L., Lin, H., et al. 2007, ApJL, 662, L51 · DOI
  4. Allen, M. G., Groves, B. A., Dopita, M. A., Sutherland, R. S., & Kewley, L. J. 2008, ApJS, 178, 20 · DOI
  5. Baldwin, J. A., Phillips, M. M., & Terlevich, R. 1981, PASP, 93, 5 · DOI
  6. Barro, G., Kriek, M., Pérez-González, P. G., et al. 2016, ApJL, 827, L32 · DOI
  7. Barro, G., Kriek, M., Pérez-González, P. G., et al. 2017, ApJL, 851, L40 · DOI
  8. Barro, G., Trump, J. R., Koo, D. C., et al. 2014, ApJ, 795, 145 · DOI
  9. Bedregal, A. G., Scarlata, C., Henry, A. L., et al. 2013, ApJ, 778, 126 · DOI
  10. Belfiore, F., Maiolino, R., Maraston, C., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 461, 3111 · DOI
  11. Belli, S., Genzel, R., Förster Schreiber, N. M., et al. 2017a, ApJL, 841, L6 · DOI
  12. Belli, S., Newman, A. B., & Ellis, R. S. 2015, ApJ, 799, 206 · DOI
  13. Belli, S., Newman, A. B., & Ellis, R. S. 2017b, ApJ, 834, 18 · DOI
  14. Brinchmann, J., Charlot, S., White, S. D. M., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 351, 1151 · DOI
  15. Bruzual, G., & Charlot, S. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000 · DOI
  16. Buitrago, F., Trujillo, I., Conselice, C. J., et al. 2008, ApJL, 687, L61 · DOI
  17. Byler, N., Dalcanton, J. J., Conroy, C., & Johnson, B. D. 2017, ApJ, 840, 44 · DOI
  18. Cabanac, R. A., Alard, C., Dantel-Fort, M., et al. 2007, A&A, 461, 813 · DOI
  19. Calzetti, D., Armus, L., Bohlin, R. C., et al. 2000, ApJ, 533, 682 · DOI
  20. Chabrier, G. 2003, PASP, 115, 763 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Chang, Y.-Y., van der Wel, A., Rix, H.-W., et al. 2013, ApJ, 762, 83 · DOI
  22. Cheung, E., Bundy, K., Cappellari, M., et al. 2016, Natur, 533, 504 Figure · DOI
  23. Choi, J., Dotter, A., Conroy, C., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 102 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Cid Fernandes, R., Stasińska, G., Mateus, A., & Vale Asari, N. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1687 · DOI
  25. Conroy, C., & Gunn, J. E. 2010, ApJ, 712, 833 · DOI
  26. Conroy, C., Gunn, J. E., & White, M. 2009, ApJ, 699, 486 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Daddi, E., Cimatti, A., Renzini, A., et al. 2004, ApJ, 617, 746 · DOI
  28. Dahle, H., Aghanim, N., Guennou, L., et al. 2016, A&A, 590, L4 · DOI
  29. Damjanov, I., Abraham, R. G., Glazebrook, K., et al. 2011, ApJL, 739, L44 · DOI
  30. Driver, S. P., Norberg, P., Baldry, I. K., et al. 2009, A&G, 50, 5. · DOI
  31. Ebeling, H., Barrett, E., Donovan, D., et al. 2007, ApJL, 661, L33 · DOI
  32. Ebeling, H., Edge, A. C., & Henry, J. P. 2001, ApJ, 553, 668 · DOI
  33. Ebeling, H., Stockmann, M., Richard, J., et al. 2018, ApJL, 852, L7 · DOI
  34. Elíasdóttir, Á., Limousin, M., Richard, J., et al. 2007, arXiv:0710.5636 · arXiv
  35. Feroz, F., Hobson, M. P., & Bridges, M. 2009, MNRAS, 398, 1601 · DOI
  36. Franx, M., Labbé, I., Rudnick, G., et al. 2003, ApJL, 587, L79 · DOI
  37. Fumagalli, M., Franx, M., van Dokkum, P., et al. 2016, ApJ, 822, 1 · DOI
  38. Fumagalli, M., Labbé, I., Patel, S. G., et al. 2014, ApJ, 796, 35 · DOI
  39. Geier, S., Richard, J., Man, A. W. S., et al. 2013, ApJ, 777, 87 · DOI
  40. Genzel, R., Förster Schreiber, N. M., Rosario, D., et al. 2014, ApJ, 796, 7 · DOI
  41. Groves, B. A., & Allen, M. G. 2010, NewA, 15, 614 · DOI
  42. Groves, B. A., Dopita, M. A., & Sutherland, R. S. 2004a, ApJS, 153, 9 · DOI
  43. Groves, B. A., Dopita, M. A., & Sutherland, R. S. 2004b, ApJS, 153, 75 · DOI
  44. Guillard, P., Boulanger, F., Lehnert, M. D., et al. 2015, A&A, 574, A32 · DOI
  45. Hennawi, J. F., Gladders, M. D., Oguri, M., et al. 2008, AJ, 135, 664 · DOI
  46. Hill, A. R., Muzzin, A., Franx, M., & van de Sande, J. 2016, ApJ, 819, 74 · DOI
  47. Johnson, T. L., Sharon, K., Bayliss, M. B., et al. 2014, ApJ, 797, 48 · DOI
  48. Jones, T. A., Swinbank, A. M., Ellis, R. S., Richard, J., & Stark, D. P. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 1247 · DOI
  49. Jullo, E., Kneib, J.-P., Limousin, M., et al. 2007, NJPh, 9, 447 · DOI
  50. Kelson, D. D. 2003, PASP, 115, 688 · DOI
  51. Kelson, D. D., van Dokkum, P. G., Franx, M., Illingworth, G. D., & Fabricant, D. 1997, ApJL, 478, L13 · DOI
  52. Kelson, D. D., Williams, R. J., Dressler, A., et al. 2014, ApJ, 783, 110 · DOI
  53. Kelvin, L. S., Driver, S. P., Robotham, A. S. G., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 421, 1007 · DOI
  54. Kewley, L. J., Dopita, M. A., Sutherland, R. S., Heisler, C. A., & Trevena, J. 2001, ApJ, 556, 121 · DOI
  55. Kewley, L. J., Groves, B., Kauffmann, G., & Heckman, T. 2006, MNRAS, 372, 961 · DOI
  56. Koekemoer, A. M., Fruchter, A. S., Hook, R. N., & Hack, W. 2003, in HST Calibration Workshop: Hubble After the Installation of the ACS and the NICMOS Cooling System, ed. S. Arribas, A. Koekemoer, & B. Whitmore (Baltimore, MD: STSci), 337
  57. Kriek, M., Conroy, C., van Dokkum, P. G., et al. 2016, Natur, 540, 248 · DOI
  58. Kriek, M., van Dokkum, P. G., Labbé, I., et al. 2009, ApJ, 700, 221 · DOI
  59. Krist, J. E., Hook, R. N., & Stoehr, F. 2011, Proc. SPIE, 8127, 81270J · DOI
  60. Krogager, J.-K., Zirm, A. W., Toft, S., Man, A., & Brammer, G. 2014, ApJ, 797, 17 · DOI
  61. Lanz, L., Ogle, P. M., Alatalo, K., & Appleton, P. N. 2016, ApJ, 826, 29 · DOI
  62. Lee-Brown, D. B., Rudnick, G. H., Momcheva, I. G., et al. 2017, ApJ, 844, 43 · DOI
  63. Leethochawalit, N., Jones, T. A., Ellis, R. S., et al. 2016a, ApJ, 820, 84 · DOI
  64. Leethochawalit, N., Jones, T. A., Ellis, R. S., Stark, D. P., & Zitrin, A. 2016b, ApJ, 831, 152 · DOI
  65. Man, A. W. S., Greve, T. R., Toft, S., et al. 2016, ApJ, 820, 11 · DOI
  66. Maoz, D., Mannucci, F., & Brandt, T. D. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 3282 · DOI
  67. McLean, I. S., Steidel, C. C., Epps, H. W., et al. 2012, Proc. SPIE, 8446, 84460J · DOI
  68. Meneghetti, M., Natarajan, P., Coe, D., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 472, 3177 · DOI
  69. Monna, A., Seitz, S., Balestra, I., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 466, 4094 · DOI
  70. Muzzin, A., Labbé, I., Franx, M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 761, 142 · DOI
  71. Muzzin, A., Marchesini, D., Stefanon, M., et al. 2013a, ApJS, 206, 8 · DOI
  72. Muzzin, A., Marchesini, D., Stefanon, M., et al. 2013b, ApJ, 777, 18 · DOI
  73. Muzzin, A., Marchesini, D., van Dokkum, P. G., et al. 2009, ApJ, 701, 1839 · DOI
  74. Nelson, E., van Dokkum, P., Franx, M., et al. 2014, Natur, 513, 394 · DOI
  75. Newman, A. B., Belli, S., & Ellis, R. S. 2015a, ApJL, 813, L7 · DOI
  76. Newman, A. B., Belli, S., Ellis, R. S., & Patel, S. G. 2018, ApJ, 862, 126 · DOI
  77. Newman, A. B., Ellis, R. S., Andreon, S., et al. 2014, ApJ, 788, 51 · DOI
  78. Newman, A. B., Ellis, R. S., Bundy, K., & Treu, T. 2012, ApJ, 746, 162 · DOI
  79. Newman, A. B., Ellis, R. S., & Treu, T. 2015b, ApJ, 814, 26 · DOI
  80. Newman, A. B., Smith, R. J., Conroy, C., Villaume, A., & van Dokkum, P. 2017, ApJ, 845, 157 · DOI
  81. Newman, A. B., Treu, T., Ellis, R. S., et al. 2013, ApJ, 765, 24 · DOI
  82. Oldham, L., Auger, M. W., Fassnacht, C. D., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 465, 3185 · DOI
  83. Persson, S. E., Murphy, D. C., Smee, S., et al. 2013, PASP, 125, 654 · DOI
  84. Pickles, A. J. 1998, PASP, 110, 863 · DOI
  85. Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., et al. 2014, A&A, 571, A29 · DOI
  86. Postman, M., Coe, D., Benítez, N., et al. 2012, ApJS, 199, 25 · DOI
  87. Priewe, J., Williams, L. L. R., Liesenborgs, J., Coe, D., & Rodney, S. A. 2017, MNRAS, 465, 1030 · DOI
  88. Reddy, N. A., Kriek, M., Shapley, A. E., et al. 2015, ApJ, 806, 259 · DOI
  89. Repp, A., & Ebeling, H. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 844 · DOI
  90. Richard, J., Smith, G. P., Kneib, J.-P., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 325 · DOI
  91. Rykoff, E. S., Rozo, E., Busha, M. T., et al. 2014, ApJ, 785, 104 · DOI
  92. Schlafly, E. F., & Finkbeiner, D. P. 2011, ApJ, 737, 103 · DOI
  93. Shivaei, I., Reddy, N. A., Shapley, A. E., et al. 2015, ApJ, 815, 98 · DOI
  94. Simcoe, R. A., Burgasser, A. J., Schechter, P. L., et al. 2013, PASP, 125, 270 · DOI
  95. Singh, R., van de Ven, G., Jahnke, K., et al. 2013, A&A, 558, A43 · DOI
  96. Skelton, R. E., Whitaker, K. E., Momcheva, I. G., et al. 2014, ApJS, 214, 24 · DOI
  97. Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1163 · DOI · Paper page
  98. Smette, A., Sana, H., Noll, S., et al. 2015, A&A, 576, A77 · DOI
  99. Stark, D. P., Auger, M., Belokurov, V., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 436, 1040 · DOI
  100. Stark, D. P., Swinbank, A. M., Ellis, R. S., et al. 2008, Natur, 455, 775 · DOI
  101. Storey, P. J., & Zeippen, C. J. 2000, MNRAS, 312, 813 · DOI
  102. Swinbank, A. M., Webb, T. M., Richard, J., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 400, 1121 · DOI
  103. Szomoru, D., Franx, M., & van Dokkum, P. G. 2012, ApJ, 749, 121 · DOI
  104. Tadaki, K.-i., Kodama, T., Nelson, E. J., et al. 2017, ApJL, 841, L25 · DOI
  105. Taylor, E. N., Hopkins, A. M., Baldry, I. K., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 418, 1587 · DOI
  106. Thomas, D., Maraston, C., Schawinski, K., Sarzi, M., & Silk, J. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 1775 · DOI
  107. Toft, S., Franx, M., van Dokkum, P., et al. 2009, ApJ, 705, 255 · DOI
  108. Toft, S., Gallazzi, A., Zirm, A., et al. 2012, ApJ, 754, 3 · DOI
  109. Toft, S., Zabl, J., Richard, J., et al. 2017, Natur, 546, 510 · DOI
  110. Treu, T., Ellis, R. S., Liao, T. X., et al. 2005, ApJ, 633, 174 · DOI
  111. Trujillo, I., Förster Schreiber, N. M., Rudnick, G., et al. 2006, ApJ, 650, 18 · DOI
  112. Vacca, W. D., Cushing, M. C., & Rayner, J. T. 2003, PASP, 115, 389 · DOI
  113. van de Sande, J., Kriek, M., Franx, M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 771, 85 · DOI
  114. van der Wel, A., Franx, M., van Dokkum, P. G., et al. 2005, ApJ, 631, 145 · DOI
  115. van der Wel, A., Franx, M., van Dokkum, P. G., et al. 2014, ApJ, 788, 28 · DOI
  116. van der Wel, A., Rix, H.-W., Wuyts, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 38 · DOI
  117. van Dokkum, P. G., Franx, M., Kriek, M., et al. 2008, ApJL, 677, L5 · DOI
  118. van Dokkum, P. G., Nelson, E. J., Franx, M., et al. 2015, ApJ, 813, 23 · DOI
  119. Veilleux, S., & Osterbrock, D. E. 1987, ApJS, 63, 295 · DOI
  120. Wellons, S., Torrey, P., Ma, C.-P., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 449, 361 · DOI
  121. Whitaker, K. E., Labbé, I., van Dokkum, P. G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 86 · DOI
  122. Whitaker, K. E., van Dokkum, P. G., Brammer, G., et al. 2013, ApJL, 770, L39 · DOI
  123. Wong, K. C., Zabludoff, A. I., Ammons, S. M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 769, 52 · DOI
  124. Wuyts, E., Barrientos, L. F., Gladders, M. D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1182 · DOI
  125. Wuyts, S., Labbé, I., Schreiber, N. M. F., et al. 2008, ApJ, 682, 985 · DOI
  126. Yan, R., & Blanton, M. R. 2012, ApJ, 747, 61 · DOI
  127. Zitrin, A., Broadhurst, T., Umetsu, K., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 396, 1985 · DOI
  128. Zitrin, A., Meneghetti, M., Umetsu, K., et al. 2013, ApJL, 762, L30 · DOI
  129. Zolotov, A., Dekel, A., Mandelker, N., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 450, 2327 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Newman, A. B., Belli, S., Ellis, R. S., & Patel, S. G.
Affiliations
  • Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
  • Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
  • European Southern Observatory (DE)
Corresponding author
Newman, Andrew B.
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2018-07-31
Volume
862
Issue
2
Pages
125
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/aacd4d
OpenAlex
W2808201186
Cited by
60
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
FWCI
3.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAS 526555)
  • W. M. Keck Foundation
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 26555)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords
quiescent galaxies, high-redshift galaxies, gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters, stellar populations, stellar ages, stellar mass, galaxy structure, lens modeling, mass-size relation, emission line ratios, [N II]/Hα ratio, H-alpha equivalent width, gas kinematics, shock, AGN feedback, galaxy formation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review