IDENTIFYING PLANETARY BIOSIGNATURE IMPOSTORS: SPECTRAL FEATURES OF CO AND O 4 RESULTING FROM ABIOTIC O 2 /O 3 PRODUCTION
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O 2 and O 3 have been long considered the most robust individual biosignature gases in a planetary atmosphere, yet multiple mechanisms that may produce them in the absence of life have been described. However, these abiotic planetary mechanisms modify the environment in potentially identifiable ways. Here we briefly discuss two of the most detectable spectral discriminants for abiotic O 2 /O 3 : CO and O 4 . We produce the first explicit self-consistent simulations of these spectral discriminants as they may be seen by James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ). If JWST -NIRISS and/or NIRSpec observe CO (2.35, 4.6 μ m) in conjunction with CO 2 (1.6, 2.0, 4.3 μ m) in the transmission spectrum of a terrestrial planet it could indicate robust CO 2 photolysis and suggest that a future detection of O 2 or O 3 might not be biogenic. Strong O 4 bands seen in transmission at 1.06 and 1.27 μ m could be diagnostic of a post-runaway O 2 -dominated atmosphere from massive H-escape. We find that for these false positive scenarios, CO at 2.35 μ m, CO 2 at 2.0 and 4.3 μ m, and O 4 at 1.27 μ m are all stronger features in transmission than O 2 /O 3 and could be detected with S/Ns ≳ 3 for an Earth-size planet orbiting a nearby M dwarf star with as few as 10 transits, assuming photon-limited noise. O 4 bands could also be sought in UV/VIS/NIR reflected light (at 0.345, 0.36, 0.38, 0.445, 0.475, 0.53, 0.57, 0.63, 1.06, and 1.27 μ m) by a next generation direct-imaging telescope such as LUVOIR/HDST or HabEx and would indicate an oxygen atmosphere too massive to be biologically produced.
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CO has few abiotic sinks and detectable spectral features.
“because CO has few abiotic sinks and detectable spectral features (42), mantle-derived methane could readily be identified by coexisting CO.”
From Disequilibrium biosignatures over Earth history and implications for detecting exoplanet life (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
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Ranjan, S., Schwieterman, E. W., Harman, C. E., Fateev, A., Sousa‐Silva, C., Seager, S., & Hu, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9363 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganic Haze as a Biosignature in Anoxic Earth-like Atmospheres
Arney, G., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., & Meadows, V. (2017) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1666 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of exoplanetary biosignatures
Grenfell, J. L. (2017) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2017.08.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exoplanet Biosignatures: At the Dawn of a New Era of Planetary Observations
Kiang, N. Y.-L., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Parenteau, M. N., Catling, D. C., Fujii, Y., Meadows, V., Schwieterman, E. W., & Walker, S. I. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1862 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Harman, C. E., Felton, R. C., Hu, R., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Segura, A., Tian, F., & Kasting, J. F. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd9b · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationAlien Mindscapes—A Perspective on the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
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Sensitive probing of exoplanetary oxygen via mid-infrared collisional absorption
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Self-citationAtmospheric Seasonality as an Exoplanet Biosignature
Olson, S. L., Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Ridgwell, A. J., Kane, S. R., Meadows, V. S., & Lyons, T. W. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aac171 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationFalse Negatives for Remote Life Detection on Ocean-Bearing Planets: Lessons from the Early Earth.
Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., Schwieterman, E. W., & Lyons, T. W. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationLincowski, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., & Meadows, V. (2019) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2385 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology gap assessment for a future large-aperture ultraviolet-optical-infrared space telescope
Bolcar, M. R., Balasubramanian, K., Crooke, J. A., Feinberg, L. D., Quijada, M. A., Rauscher, B. J., Redding, D. C., Rioux, N., Shaklan, S., Stahl, H. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.2.4.041209 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rethinking CO Antibiosignatures in the Search for Life Beyond the Solar System
Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., Ozaki, K., Harman, C. E., Hong, P. K., & Lyons, T. W. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab05e1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationProbabilistic Constraints on the Mass and Composition of Proxima b
Bixel, A., & Apai, D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa5f51 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Patty, L., ten Kate, I. L., Buma, W. J., van Spanning, R. J. M., Steinbach, G., Ariese, F., & Snik, F. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2050 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Circular spectropolarimetric sensing of chiral photosystems in decaying leaves
Patty, L., Visser, L., Ariese, F., Buma, W. J., Sparks, W. B., van Spanning, R. J. M., Röling, W. F. M., & Snik, F. (2016) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.12.023 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Faint objects in motion: the new frontier of high precision astrometry
Malbet, F., Bœhm, C., Krone-Martins, A., Amorim, A., Anglada-Escudé, G., Brandeker, A., Courbin, F., Enßlin, T. A., Falcão, A. J., Katherine Freese, B., et al. (2021) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09781-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRethinking CO Antibiosignatures in the Search for Life Beyond the Solar System
Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., Ozaki, K., Harman, C. E., Hong, P. K., & Lyons, T. W. (2019) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · doi:10.6082/87s5e-7ar65 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrie, M. H., Meadows, V., & Rasmussen, K. C. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/accf86 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwieterman, E. W., Olson, S. L., Pidhorodetska, D., Reinhard, C. T., Ganti, A., Fauchez, T. J., Bastelberger, S., Crouse, J., Ridgwell, A. J., & Lyons, T. W. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8cfb · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Demographics of Terrestrial Planets in the Venus Zone
Ostberg, C. M., Kane, S. R., Li, Z., Schwieterman, E. W., Hill, M. L., Bott, K., Dalba, P. A., Fetherolf, T., Head, J. W., III, & Unterborn, C. T. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acbfaf · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDetectors and cooling technology for direct spectroscopic biosignature characterization
Rauscher, B. J., Canavan, E. R., Moseley, S. H., Sadleir, J. E., & Stevenson, T. R. (2016) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.2.4.041212 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dittmann, J., Irwin, J. M., Charbonneau, D., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., & Newton, E. R. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa855b · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Meadows, V., & Lincowski, A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab5965 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationThe O2 A-Band in the Fluxes and Polarization of Starlight Reflected by Earth-Like Exoplanets
Fauchez, T. J., Rossi, L., & Stam, D. M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6e53 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tremblay, L., Line, M. R., Stevenson, K., Kataria, T., Zellem, R. T., Fortney, J. J., & Morley, C. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab64dd · Cited by 28 · see citing works
TOI-2257 b: A highly eccentric long-period sub-Neptune transiting a nearby M dwarf
Schanche, N., Pozuelos, F. J., Günther, M. N., Wells, R. D., Burgasser, A. J., Chinchilla, P., Delrez, L., Ducrot, E., Garcia, L. J., Chew, Y. G. M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142280 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Future of Astrometry in Space
Vallenari, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2018.00011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Patty, L., Kuhn, J. G., Lambrev, P. H., Spadaccia, S., Hoeijmakers, H. J., Keller, C. U., Mulder, W., Pallichadath, V., Poch, O., Snik, F., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140845 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quantifying the Influence of Jupiter on the Earth’s Orbital Cycles
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An Overview of Exoplanet Biosignatures
Schwieterman, E. W., & Leung, M. (2024) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2024.90.13 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
Deming, D., Louie, D. R., & Sheets, H. (2018) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aae5c5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, F., Güdel, M., Johnstone, C. P., Lammer, H., Luger, R., & Odert, P. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0490-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRemote Sensing of Homochirality: A Proxy for the Detection of Extraterrestrial Life
Patty, L., ten Kate, I. L., Sparks, W. B., & Snik, F. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64027-7.00002-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ranjan, S., Schwieterman, E. W., Leung, M., Harman, C. E., & Hu, R. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad037c · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying the Influence of Jupiter on the Earth’s Orbital Cycles
Horner, J., Vervoort, P., Kane, S. R., Ceja, A. Y., Waltham, D. A., Gilmore, J. B., & Kirtland Turner, S. (2020) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multibeam Blind Search of Targeted SETI Observations toward 33 Exoplanet Systems with FAST
Luan, X.-H., Tao, Z.-Z., Zhao, H., Huang, B.-L., Li, S.-Y., Liu, C., Wang, H., Liu, W., Zhang, T.-J., Gajjar, V., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb706 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Limitation of Atmospheric Composition by Combustion–Explosion in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
Grenfell, J. L., Gebauer, S., Godolt, M., Stracke, B., Lehmann, R., & Rauer, H. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab2a9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Matsuo, T., Greene, T. P., Johnson, R. R., Mcmurray, R. E., Roellig, T. L., & Ennico, K. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab42f1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Surface and Temporal Biosignatures
Schwieterman, E. W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_69 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBerdyugina, S. V., Kuhn, J. R., Langlois, M., Moretto, G., Krissansen‐Totton, J., Grenfell, J. L., Catling, D. C., Šantl‐Temkiv, T., Finster, K. W., Tarter, J., et al. (2018) · Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VII · doi:10.1117/12.2313781 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Origins of Life: A Problem for PhysicsPreprint
Walker, S. I. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1705.08073 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mandell, A. M., Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Stevenson, K. B., & Staguhn, J. G. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac83a5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Implications of Thermal Hydrodynamic Atmospheric Escape on the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
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Self-citationHigh-resolution Spectral Discriminants of Ocean Loss for M-dwarf Terrestrial Exoplanets
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Photochemical Oxygen in Non-1-bar CO2 Atmospheres of Terrestrial Exoplanets
James, T., & Hu, R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae2bb · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Expecting the unexpected in the search for extraterrestrial life
Vickers, P. (2020) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550420000269 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Observing Exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope
Beichman, C., & Greene, T. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_85 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lethal Surface Ozone Concentrations Are Possible on Habitable Zone Exoplanets
Cooke, G., Marsh, D., Walsh, C., & Sainsbury-Martinez, F. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad53c3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Drake Equation as a Function of Spectral Type and Time
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Harman, C. E., & Domagal-Goldman, S. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_71 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe TRAPPIST-1 JWST Community InitiativePreprint
Gillon, M., Meadows, V., Agol, E., Burgasser, A., Deming, D., Doyon, R., Fortney, J., Kreidberg, L., Owen, J., Selsis, F., et al. (2020) · Vol. 52, Issue 2 · doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.afbf0205 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSung, K., Wishnow, E. H., Crawford, T. J., Nemchick, D. J., Drouin, B. J., Toon, G. C., Yu, S., Payne, V. H., & Jiang, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Implications of Abiotic Oxygen Buildup for Earth-like Complex Life
Lingam, M. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab737f · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhan, Z., Huang, J., Seager, S., Petkowski, J. J., & Ranjan, S. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac64a8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kipping, D., & Wright, J. T. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad0cbe · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gilbert-Janizek, S., Meadows, V., & Lustig‐Yaeger, J. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad381e · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGeoscience for Understanding Habitability in the Solar System and Beyond
Dehant, V., Debaille, V., Dobos, V., Gaillard, F., & Gillmann, C. (2019) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ozone destruction due to the recombination of oxygen atoms
Pershin, A. A., Torbin, A. P., Mikheyev, P. A., Kaiser, R. I., Mebel, A. M., & Azyazov, V. N. (2021) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0064361 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Venus as an Analog for Hot Earths
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Self-citationHarman, C. E., & Domagal-Goldman, S. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_71-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Extended CO2 Cross Sections on Temperate Anoxic Planet Atmospheres
Broussard, W., Schwieterman, E. W., Sousa‐Silva, C., Sanger-Johnson, G., Ranjan, S., & Vénot, O. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adaaf0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Peer Complexity in Big History
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Biosignatures of the Earth I. Airborne spectropolarimetric detection of photosynthetic life
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Observability of ultraviolet Ni lines in the atmosphere of transiting Earth‐like planets
Young, M. E., Fossati, L., Johnstone, C., Salz, M., Lichtenegger, H., France, K., Lammer, H., & Cubillos, P. E. (2020) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.202013842 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Surface and Temporal Biosignatures
Schwieterman, E. W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_69-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationObserving Exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope
Beichman, C., & Greene, T. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_85-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Super-Earth Opportunity - Search for Habitable Exoplanets in the 2020sPreprint
Hu, R., Beichman, C., Brain, D. A., Chen, P., Damiano, M., Dawson, R. I., Friedson, A. J., Hasagawa, Y., Howard, A. W., Johnson, R. A., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.05258 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Deitrick, R., Goldblatt, C., Wolf, E. T., & Robinson, T. D. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad9900 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schwieterman, E. W., Meadows, V. S., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Deming, D., Arney, G. N., Luger, R., Harman, C. E., Misra, A., & Barnes, R.
- Affiliations
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2016-02-25
- Volume
- 819
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L13
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- PMC
- PMC6108182
- OpenAlex
- W2279598166
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 11.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNA13AA93A, NNH12ZDA002C)
- University of Washington
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (NNH12ZDA002C, NNA13AA93A)
- Astrophysics Division
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- ozone, carbon monoxide, CO2 photolysis, runaway greenhouse, hydrogen escape, transmission spectroscopy, James Webb Space Telescope, terrestrial exoplanets, M dwarfs, false positives, reflectance spectroscopy, direct imaging, LUVOIR, HabEx
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