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Cited by 111Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaRadio Astronomy Observations and Technology

Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA

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Goddi, Ciriaco, Martí-Vidal, Iván, Messias, Hugo, Bower, Geoffrey C., Broderick, Avery E., Dexter, Jason, Marrone, Daniel P., Moscibrodzka, Monika +242 more·2021·The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/abee6a
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Abstract

We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the first Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) campaign, which was conducted in 2017 April in the λ 3 mm and λ 1.3 mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs), in the two bands at several epochs in a time window of 10 days. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2%–15%) and large rotation measures (RM > 10 3.3–10 5.5 rad m−2), confirming the trends of previous AGN studies at millimeter wavelengths. We find that blazars are more strongly polarized than other AGNs in the sample, while exhibiting (on average) order-of-magnitude lower RM values, consistent with the AGN viewing angle unification scheme. For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of (−4.2 ± 0.3) × 10 5 rad m−2 at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade and, for the first time, an RM of (–2.1 ± 0.1) × 10 5 rad m−2 at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at millimeter wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year timescale, spanning the range from −1.2 to 0.3 × 10 5 rad m−2 at 3 mm and −4.1 to 1.5 × 10 5 rad m−2 at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT (on horizon scales) and ALMA (which observes the combined emission from both components). These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA.

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  1. Dey, L., Valtonen, M. J., Gopakumar, A., et al. 2021, arXiv:2103.05274 · arXiv
  2. Hughes, P. A. 1991, Beams and Jets in Astrophysics (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)

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Goddi, C., Martí-Vidal, I., Messias, H., Bower, G. C., Broderick, A. E., Dexter, J., Marrone, D. P., Moscibrodzka, M., Nagai, H., Algaba, J. C., Asada, K., Crew, G. B., Gómez, J. L., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Janssen, M., Kadler, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Lico, R., Matthews, L. D., Nathanail, A., Ricarte, A., Ros, E., Younsi, Z., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Anantua, R., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Benson, B. A., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈永, Y. 军., Chesler, P. M., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Cruz-Osorio, A., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Gold, R., Gómez-Ruiz, A. I., Gu 顾敏, M. 峰., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho 何子, L. C. 山., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., Hughes, D. H., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Jimenez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, D.-J., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Kuo, C.-Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S.-S., Levis, A., Li 李彦, Y.-R. 荣., Li 李志, Z. 远., Lindqvist, M., Lindahl, G., Liu 刘, J. 俊., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu 路如, R.-S. 森., MacDonald, N. R., Mao 毛基, J. 荣., Marchili, N., Markoff, S., Marscher, A. P., Matsushita, S., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, I., Mizuno, Y., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Müller, C., Musoke, G., Mejías, A. M., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neilsen, J., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Nowak, M. A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Park, J., Patel, N., Pen, U.-L., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Porth, O., Pötzl, F. M., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H.-Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈志, Z. 强., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Sun 孙, H. 赫., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Traianou, E., Trippe, S., Bemmel, I. V., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu 吴庆, Q. 文., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁业, Y.-F. 飞., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G.-Y., Zhao, S.-S., Bruni, G., Gopakumar, A., Hernández-Gómez, A., Herrero-Illana, R., Ingram, A., Komossa, S., Kovalev, Y. Y., Muders, D., Perucho, M., Rösch, F., & Valtonen, M.
Affiliations
  • Leiden University (NL)
  • Universitat de València (ES)
  • Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array (CL)
  • Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
  • Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
  • Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
  • East Asian Observatory (US)
  • Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NL)
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
  • The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
  • University of Waterloo (CA)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Perimeter Institute (CA)
  • Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (US)
  • Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
  • Yale University (US)
  • University of Würzburg (DE)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2021-03-01
Volume
910
Issue
1
Pages
L14
ISSN
  • 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
  • 2041-8213
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/abee6a
OpenAlex
W3138064899
Cited by
111
References
131
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19
FWCI
11.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
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Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1207704, 11633006, 1144085, 11933007, SEV-2017-0709, 1265383, 1140030, 1743442, 11991053, HST-HF2-51431.001-A, 1440254, 18KK0090, 1248097, 1310896, 1715061, ACI-1 548 562, 0096454, 0705062, 11573051, 1548562, 0905844, 1207730, 1337663, 11991052, 11721303, JP18K13594, 0521233, 1125897, 1615796, 1743747, TG-AST080026N, 1935980, 1228509, 0735191, 0922984, 11650110427, 1716536, 10625314, 89233218CNA000001, 2034306, 610058, 1126433, 11725312, 1816420, AST-1555365, ZDBS-LY-SLH011, 0352953, 1716327, 1207752, 1903847)
  • Smithsonian Institution
  • U.S. Department of Energy (#89233218CNA000001, 1548562, Contract 89233218CNA000001, ACI-1548562)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (AST-1935980, 89233218CNA000001, AST-1816420, ACI-1548562, 80NSSC20K0645, OISE-1743747, 2016YFA0400702, AST-2034306, AST-1716536, NAS 526555, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K1567, HST-HF2-51431.001-A)
  • Simons Foundation
  • John Templeton Foundation (60477, OISE-1743747)
  • Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (IN112820, 263356, GBMF947, GBMF5278, AST-2034306, AST-1935980, AST-1440254, GBMF3561)
  • Kavli Foundation
  • Harvard University (60477)
  • University of Chicago (PHY-1125897)
  • University of Arizona (1228509)
  • Compute Canada
  • Space Telescope Science Institute (AST-1440254, NAS5- 26555, AST-2034306, 26555, HST-HF2-51431.001-A, AST-1935980)
  • Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (SEV-2017-0709, PID2019, PGC 2018, AYA2016-80889-P, PGC2018-098915-B-C21, PID2019-108995GB-C22)
  • National Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • Associated Universities
  • International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
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  • European Commission (AST-2034306, HORIZON2020, AST-1935980, 610058, SEV-2017-0709, 312496, 246083, 730562, 275201, 731016)
  • National Research Foundation (NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752)
  • Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP18K13594, AST-2034306, 25120007, 18H01245, AST-1440254, JP17J08829)
  • Universiteit Leiden
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (ACI-1548562, 11650110427, 01170, AST-2034306, AST-1935980, (11721303, 11991052, 11633006, 11573051, 11725312, ZDBS-LY-SLH011, 2016YFA0400704, 18KK0090, 11991053, 2016YFA0400702, 11933007)
  • Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Radboud Universiteit
  • Academia Sinica
  • Academy of Finland (274477, 312496, 284495, 315721)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700, 18KK0090, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, AST-2034306, 11991052, 11721303, ZDBS-LY-SLH011, 11933007, AST-1935980)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (11991052, 2020M671266, 11721303)
  • Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (U0004-246083, 279006, U0004-259839, F0003-281692, M0037-279006, 263356, 104497, 281692, 275201, F0003-272050)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (639.043.513)
  • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PID2019, SEV-2017-0709, AYA2016–80889–P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PGC2018)
  • Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2018, APOSTD/2018/177, CIDEGENT/2018/021, PROMETEU/2019/071)
  • Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
  • Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (2015H1D3A1066561, 2015R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2019R1F1A1059721, ACI-1548562, 2015H1A2A1033752)
  • Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (2017YFA0402700)
  • Vetenskapsrådet (01154, 2017-00648)
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  • European Southern Observatory
  • Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST106-2112-M001-011, MOST109-2124-M001-005, MOST107-2119-M001-017, MOST106-2119-M001-027, MOST107-2119-M110-005, MOST108-2112-M001-048, MOST107-2119-M001-020)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-107427GB-C33, PID2019-105510GBC31, SEV2017-0709, PID2019, PID2019-108995GB-C22, PGC2018, PGC2018-098915-B-C21, PID2019-108995GB-C21)
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112417, IN112820, SEV-2017-0709)
  • National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  • Recruitment Program of Global Experts
  • Junta de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709, P18-FR-1769)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
  • Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV‐2017‐0709)
  • Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (NCN19-058, 3190878)
  • Institut Périmètre de physique théorique
  • Toray Science Foundation
  • National Nuclear Security Administration (89233218C-NA000001)
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/V000268/1)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17J08829, AST-1440254, AST-1935980, 610058, 19H01943, 89233218CNA000001, ZDBS-LY-SLH011, 731016, AST-2034306, 18H03721, 1548562, 18KK0090, 18K03656, 11933007, 18K03709, 275201, 18K13594, 25120007, 246083, 18H01245)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (AYA2016-80889-P, 2019AEP112, SEV-2017-0709)
  • Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112820, IN112417, 263356)
  • National Institutes of Natural Sciences
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700)
  • Office of International Science and Engineering (17-43747)
  • Astrophysics Division (NAS5-26555)
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory (89233218CNA 000001, Contract 89233218CNA000001)
  • Compute Ontario
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
Keywords
polarimetry, Faraday rotation, rotation measure, Event Horizon Telescope, Sgr A*, M87, active galactic nuclei, blazars, millimeter-wave emission, accretion disks, two-component model, radio-loud AGN

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