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Cited by 449Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsPulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchRadio Astronomy Observations and Technology

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole

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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca +263 more·2022·The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
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Abstract

We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a “variability noise budget” in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse ( u , v )-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of ∼50 μ as, consistent with the expected “shadow” of a 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.

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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bauböck, M., Benson, B. A., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Bustamante, S., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Ceccobello, C., Chael, A., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, K., Chatterjee, S., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈, Y. 永., Cheng, X., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conroy, N. S., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Crew, G. B., Cruz-Osorio, A., Cui 崔, Y. 玉., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Dhruv, V., Doeleman, S. S., Dougal, S., Dzib, S. A., Eatough, R. P., Emami, R., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gómez-Ruiz, A. I., Gómez, J. L., Gu 顾, M. 敏., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Haworth, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Heumann, D., Ho 何, L. C. 子., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Joshi, A. V., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, D.-J., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Kocherlakota, P., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, C., Kramer, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C.-Y., Bella, N. L., Lauer, T. R., Lee, D., Lee, S.-S., Leung, P. K., Levis, A., Li 李, Z. 志., Lico, R., Lindahl, G., Lindqvist, M., Lisakov, M., Liu 刘, J. 俊., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C. J., Lu 路, R.-S. 如., Mao 毛, J. 基., Marchili, N., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Michalik, D., Mizuno, I., Mizuno, Y., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Mus, A., Musoke, G., Myserlis, I., Nadolski, A., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Nathanail, A., Fuentes, S. N., Neilsen, J., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Nowak, M. A., Oh, J., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Paraschos, G. F., Park, J., Parsons, H., Patel, N., Pen, U.-L., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Porth, O., Pötzl, F. M., Prather, C., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H.-Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ricarte, A., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Romero-Cañizales, C., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruiz, I., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Argüelles, D., Sánchez-Portal, M., Sasada, M., Satapathy, K., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schonfeld, J., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈, Z. 志., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Souccar, K., Sun 孙, H. 赫., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Torne, P., Traianou, E., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Turk, M., van Bemmel, I., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Vos, J., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wiik, K., Witzel, G., Wondrak, M. F., Wong, G. N., Wu 吴, Q. 庆., Yamaguchi, P., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁, Y.-F. 业., Zensus, J. A., Zhang, S., Zhao, G.-Y., & Zhao 赵, S.-S. 杉.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
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ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2022-05-01
Volume
930
Issue
2
Pages
L14
ISSN
  • 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
  • 2041-8213
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
OpenAlex
W4280608520
Cited by
449
References
141
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 58
FWCI
40.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (639.043.513)
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/V000268/1)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19KK0081, 18K13594)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
Keywords
Sgr A*, supermassive black holes, Event Horizon Telescope, black hole shadow, event horizon imaging, Galactic Center, interstellar scattering, intraday variability, CLEAN algorithm, maximum likelihood reconstruction, Bayesian posterior sampling, ring morphology

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