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Cited by 449Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsPulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchRadio Astronomy Observations and Technology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole

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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauböck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen 陈, Yongjun 永军, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui 崔, Yuzhu 玉竹, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, José L., Gu 顾, Minfeng 敏峰, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho 何, Luis C. 子山, Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang 黄, Lei 磊, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang 江, Wu 悟, Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Bella, Noemi La, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li 李, Zhiyuan 志远, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu 刘, Jun 俊, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu 路, Ru-Sen 如森, Mao 毛, Jirong 基荣, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Fuentes, Santiago Navarro, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Cora, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles, David, Sánchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen 沈, Zhiqiang 志强, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun 孙, He 赫, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu 吴, Qingwen 庆文, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan 袁, Feng 峰, Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao 赵, Shan-Shan 杉杉·2022·The Astrophysical Journal Letters
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
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Abstract

We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a “variability noise budget” in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse ( u , v )-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of ∼50 μ as, consistent with the expected “shadow” of a 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.

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Authors
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bauböck, M., Benson, B. A., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Bustamante, S., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Ceccobello, C., Chael, A., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, K., Chatterjee, S., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈, Y. 永., Cheng, X., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conroy, N. S., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Crew, G. B., Cruz-Osorio, A., Cui 崔, Y. 玉., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Dhruv, V., Doeleman, S. S., Dougal, S., Dzib, S. A., Eatough, R. P., Emami, R., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gómez-Ruiz, A. I., Gómez, J. L., Gu 顾, M. 敏., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Haworth, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Heumann, D., Ho 何, L. C. 子., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Joshi, A. V., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, D.-J., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Kocherlakota, P., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, C., Kramer, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C.-Y., Bella, N. L., Lauer, T. R., Lee, D., Lee, S.-S., Leung, P. K., Levis, A., Li 李, Z. 志., Lico, R., Lindahl, G., Lindqvist, M., Lisakov, M., Liu 刘, J. 俊., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C. J., Lu 路, R.-S. 如., Mao 毛, J. 基., Marchili, N., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Michalik, D., Mizuno, I., Mizuno, Y., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Mus, A., Musoke, G., Myserlis, I., Nadolski, A., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Nathanail, A., Fuentes, S. N., Neilsen, J., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Nowak, M. A., Oh, J., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Paraschos, G. F., Park, J., Parsons, H., Patel, N., Pen, U.-L., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Porth, O., Pötzl, F. M., Prather, C., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H.-Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ricarte, A., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Romero-Cañizales, C., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruiz, I., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Argüelles, D., Sánchez-Portal, M., Sasada, M., Satapathy, K., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schonfeld, J., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈, Z. 志., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Souccar, K., Sun 孙, H. 赫., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Torne, P., Traianou, E., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Turk, M., van Bemmel, I., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Vos, J., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wiik, K., Witzel, G., Wondrak, M. F., Wong, G. N., Wu 吴, Q. 庆., Yamaguchi, P., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁, Y.-F. 业., Zensus, J. A., Zhang, S., Zhao, G.-Y., & Zhao 赵, S.-S. 杉.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
  • Universitat de València (ES)
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
  • Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
  • University of Waterloo (CA)
  • Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
  • University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
  • Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • Fairfield University (US)
  • Cornell University (US)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • Institut für Theoretische Physik
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
  • University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
  • Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (FR)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (US)
  • Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
  • National Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • Google (United States) (US)
  • University of Würzburg (DE)
  • University of Cagliari (IT)
  • The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
  • Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • Peking University
  • Leiden University (NL)
  • Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie
  • Boston University (US)
  • Kogakuin University (JP)
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
  • Nanjing University
  • Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
  • European Space Agency (FR)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
  • Radboud University
  • University of Concepción (CL)
  • Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Sejong University (KR)
  • East Asian Observatory (US)
  • Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
  • University of California System (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of Illinois
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (MX)
  • Hiroshima University (JP)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Yonsei University (KR)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Texas Tech University (US)
  • Seoul National University (KR)
  • University of Lancashire (GB)
  • Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • University of Science and Technology of China
  • University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
  • Bard College (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2022-05-01
Volume
930
Issue
2
Pages
L14
ISSN
  • 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
  • 2041-8213
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
OpenAlex
W4280608520
Cited by
449
References
141
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 58
FWCI
40.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • OpenBU (Boston University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
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  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
  • Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (639.043.513)
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/V000268/1)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19KK0081, 18K13594)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
Keywords
Sgr A*, supermassive black holes, Event Horizon Telescope, black hole shadow, event horizon imaging, Galactic Center, interstellar scattering, intraday variability, CLEAN algorithm, maximum likelihood reconstruction, Bayesian posterior sampling, ring morphology

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