Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways?
Open accessAbstract
Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity.
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On average, invasive alien species with the highest impacts are associated with multiple pathways.
“On average, IAS with the highest impacts are associated with multiple pathways (Pergl et al., 2017).”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as Pergl et al., 2017
In “The role of multiple pathways” (page unavailable), the paper reports that, across taxa, species associated with multiple pathways were more likely to have a recorded ecological impact. But “Relating impact to pathways: what data are available?” explains that the analysis used a yes/no impact classification, which does not distinguish the species with the highest impacts. The claim’s multiple-pathway association is supported; its restriction to the highest-impact species is not. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Kühn, I., Novoa, A., Catford, J. A., Hulme, P. E., Pergl, J., Richardson, D. M., Wilson, J. R., & Blackburn, T. M. (2020) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.62.52787 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Urban Forests: Opportunities for Promoting the Wild Side of the Urban Green Infrastructure
Kowarik, I., Hiller, A., Planchuelo, G., Seitz, B., von der Lippe, M., & Buchholz, S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226318 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Stronger regional biosecurity is essential to prevent hundreds of harmful biological invasions
Faulkner, K. T., Robertson, M. P., & Wilson, J. R. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Introduction pathways of economically costly invasive alien species
Turbelin, A. J., Diagne, C. A., Hudgins, E. J., Moodley, D., Kourantidou, M., Novoa, A., Haubrock, P. J., Bernery, C., Gozlan, R. E., Francis, R. A., et al. (2022) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-022-02796-5 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (3rd edition)
Pyšek, P., Sádlo, J., Chrtek, J., Chytrý, M., Kaplan, Z., Pergl, J., Pokorná, A., Axmanová, I., Čuda, J., Doležal, J., et al. (2022) · Preslia · doi:10.23855/preslia.2022.447 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationCelesti‐Grapow, L., & Ricotta, C. (2020) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-020-02429-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
What Will the Future Bring for Biological Invasions on Islands? An Expert-Based Assessment
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Self-citationGentili, R., Ferré, C., Cardarelli, E. M. C., Montagnani, C., Bogliani, G., Citterio, S., & Comolli, R. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10100842 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Alien plants of Europe: introduction pathways, gateways and time trends
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Applying the Convention on Biological Diversity Pathway Classification to alien species in Europe
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Self-citationAppropriate uses of EICAT protocol, data and classifications
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Self-citationAlien insect dispersal mediated by the global movement of commodities
Fenn‐Moltu, G., Ollier, S., Caton, B. P., Liebhold, A. M., Nahrung, H. F., Pureswaran, D. S., Turner, R. M., Yamanaka, T., & Bertelsmeier, C. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2721 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Classifying the introduction pathways of alien species: are we moving in the right direction?
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Self-citationSouth Africa’s Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal and How They Have Changed Over Time
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Field studies of the ecological impacts of invasive plants in Europe
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Self-citationTowards a standardized framework for AI-assisted, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects
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Self-citationGuo, K., Pyšek, P., Chytrý, M., Divíšek, J., Lososová, Z., van Kleunen, M., Pierce, S., & Guo, W. (2022) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14145 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationInvasive Characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia and Its Impacts on Species Diversity
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Vojík, M., Sádlo, J., Petřík, P., Pyšek, P., Man, M., & Pergl, J. (2020) · Preslia · doi:10.23855/preslia.2020.353 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the spread and impact of exotic geckos in the greater Caribbean region
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Riera, M., Pino, J., & Melero, Y. (2021) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13251 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Invasive Species and Their Impact on Tropical Forests of Central India: A Review
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Impact of alien plants in Turkey assessed by the Generic Impact Scoring System
Yazlık, A., Pergl, J., & Pyšek, P. (2018) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.39.23598 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMohanty, N. P., & Measey, J. G. (2018) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-018-1839-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The spread of non‐native species
Haubrock, P. J., Tarkan, A. S., Martín‐Forés, I., Katsanevakis, S., Sousa, R., Soto, I., Green, A. J., Kouba, A., Everts, T., Almela, V. D., et al. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1002/brv.70121 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Composition patterns of ornamental flora in the Czech Republic
Petřík, P., Sádlo, J., Hejda, M., Štajerová, K., Pyšek, P., & Pergl, J. (2019) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.52.39260 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationA multiregional assessment of transnational pathways of introduction
McGrannachan, C. M., Pagad, S. N., & McGeoch, M. A. (2021) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.64.60642 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
HELLAS-ALIENS. The invasive alien species of Greece: time trends, origin and pathways
Αριανούτσου, Μ., Adamopoulou, C., Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Christopoulou, A. N., Galanidis, A., Kalogianni, E., Karachle, P. K., Kokkoris, Y., Martinou, A. F., et al. (2023) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.86.101778 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zamora‐Marín, J. M., Ruiz‐Navarro, A., Oficialdegui, F. J., Anastácio, P., Miranda, R., Murillo, P. G., Cobo, F., Ribeiro, F., Gallardo, B., García‐Berthou, E., et al. (2023) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.89.105994 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fibers Obtained from Invasive Alien Plant Species as a Base Material for Paper Production
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Al-Sayaydeh, R. S., Al‐Hawadi, J. S., Al-Habahbeh, K. A., Al-Nawaiseh, M. B., Albdaiwi, R. N., & Ayad, J. Y. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14132086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Intentional introduction pathways of alien birds and mammals in Latin America
Carpio, A., Alvarez, Y., Oteros, J., León, F., & Tortosa, F. S. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00949 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Ipomoea triloba: an alien plant threatening many habitats in Turkey
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Canals as invasion pathways in tropical dry forest and the need for monitoring and management
Asth, M. D. S., Rodrigues, R. G., & Zenni, R. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13950 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Survival, dynamics of spread and invasive potential of species in perennial plantations
Kutlvašr, J., Pergl, J., Baroš, A., & Pyšek, P. (2018) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-018-1847-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom the Andes to the Apennines: Rise and Fall of a Free-Ranging Population of Feral Llamas
Gargioni, C., Monaco, A., Ficetola, G. F., Lazzeri, L., & Mori, E. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11030857 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cultivated alien plants with high invasion potential are more likely to be traded online in C hina
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Mayer, K., Heger, T., Kühn, I., Nehring, S., & Gaertner, M. (2023) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.89.106323 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPadayachee, A. L., Procheş, Ş., & Wilson, J. R. (2019) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.47.31959 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Biological Invasions: Introduction, Establishment and Spread
Jeschke, J. M., Liu, C., Saul, W., & Seebens, H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819166-8.00033-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSandvik, H., Olsen, S. L., Töpper, J. P., & Hilmo, O. (2022) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14287 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clonal alien plants in the mountains spread upward more extensively and faster than non-clonal
Zheng, M., Pyšek, P., Guo, K., Hasigerili, H., & Guo, W.-Y. (2024) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.91.115675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDestour, G., Blatrix, R., Caries, A., Genevet, J., Kaufmann, B., Lecoq, B., Lucas, A., Verlingue, K., Vergnes, A., & Javal, M. (2024) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13339 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Alien species of Ipomoea in Greece, Türkiye and Iran: distribution, impacts and management
Sohrabi, S., Yazlık, A., Bazos, I., Gherekhloo, J., Kati, V., Kitiş, Y. E., Arianoutsou, M., Kortz, A., & Pyšek, P. (2025) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.97.131827 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLand slugs in plant nurseries, a potential cause of dispersal in Argentina
Gregoric, D. E. G., Daglio, E. D., de Lucía, M., Robinson, D. G., & Darrigran, G. (2020) · Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica · doi:10.32800/amz.2020.18.0173 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Species on the move: Stowaways and contaminants cause the greatest economic impactsPreprint
Turbelin, A. J., Diagne, C. A., Hudgins, E. J., Moodley, D., Kourantidou, M., Novoa, A., Haubrock, P. J., Bernery, C., Gozlan, R. E., Francis, R. A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-440305/v1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Destour, G., Kaufmann, B., Centanni, J., Abdelli, Z., Doums, C., Dumet, A., Gippet, J., Gomel, L., Lucas, A., Tauru, H., et al. (2025) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.577 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The global distribution patterns of alien vertebrate richness in mountains
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Self-citationYessoufou, K., & Ambani, A. E. (2021) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13110553 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Nie, P., Hu, X., & Feng, J. (2024) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects15100765 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Invasive Activity of Woody Plants in Tsytsyn Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences
Yatsenko, I., & Vinogradova, Y. K. (2019) · Russian Journal of Biological Invasions · doi:10.1134/s2075111719010156 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Palma, E., Yen, J. D. L., Vesk, P. A., Vilà, M., & Catford, J. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436397 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Dodaro, G., Battisti, C., Campedelli, T., Fanelli, G., & Monaco, A. (2019) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2019.02.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Manganelli, G., Lesicki, A., Benocci, A., Barbato, D., Miserocchi, D., Pieńkowska, J. R., & Giusti, F. (2022) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac054 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The ‘WATTLES’ Invasion Syndrome
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Zhao, S., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15091616 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Đorđević, S., Tóth, A., Kuczman, G., Čukanović, J., Ljubojević, M., Ocokoljić, M., Petrov, D., & Orlović, S. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17219865 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From caves to continents: phylogeography and niche shift of an invasive subterranean spiderPreprint
Ballarin, F., Zhang, Z., Li, S., & Mammola, S. (2024) · doi:10.3897/arphapreprints.e121786 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The role of parasites in the invasion ecology of Harmonia axyridis
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Seven years of NeoBiota – the times, were they a changin’?
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Self-citationPhillips, B. L., & Bornette, G. (2024) · Peer Community In Ecology · doi:10.24072/pci.ecology.100741.rev12
Predictive ecology for invasive species risk assessment: A narrative review and a case study
Martinetti, D., Poggi, S., Borner, L., & Soubeyrand, S. (2026) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2026.02.006
Impact and Prospects of the Invasive Alien Plant Robinia pseudoacacia L. as a Bioenergy Resource
Calandrelli, M. M., & Masi, L. D. (2026) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy16111036
Alien Species in Cities: Issues and Threats
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Szczepkowski, A., Referowska-Chodak, E., Wołkowycki, M., Sułkowska, M., & Sierota, Z. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18199973
- Authors
- Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Harrower, C. A., Hulme, P. E., Jeschke, J. E., Kenis, M., Kühn, I., Perglová, I., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D. B., Roy, H. E., Vilà, M., Winter, M., & Nentwig, W.
- Affiliations
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany (CZ)
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (IT)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- Lincoln University (NZ)
- CAB International (GB)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Environment Agency Austria (AT)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
- University of Bern (CH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeoBiota
- Publisher
- Pensoft Publishers
- Published
- 2017-01-04
- Volume
- 32
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 1314-2488 (ISSN-L)
- 1619-0033
- OpenAlex
- W2570264900
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 8.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeoBiota (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ZooKeys (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Phaidra (Universität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- Biodiversa+
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (JE 288/7-1, JE 288/9-1, 288/9-1)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-EBID-0003)
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (GB14-36079G, RVO 67,985,939, GAP504/11/1028, 67985939)
- Akademie Věd České Republiky (RVO [67985939], 67985939, 14‐36079G, project RVO 67985939, P504/11/1028)
- Natural Environment Research Council (ceh020002, ceh020009, ceh020004)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- introduction pathways, biological invasions, introduced species, ecological impacts, propagule pressure, invasive plants, invasive mammals, invasive freshwater fish, stowaways, contaminants, corridors, invasive species management
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