The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment
Abstract
Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Because the odds of remission decrease with every subsequent medication trial, it is important for clinicians to understand the characteristics and risk factors for TRD, subtypes of major depressive disorder that are more likely to be less responsive to first-line anti-depressants, and the available treatment options. In the current article, we review the approved treatments for TRD, including esketamine, and the evidence for psilocybin and pramipexole. Although limited in specificity, guidelines to help prescribers identify person-centered treatments for TRD are available. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59 (9), 7–11.]
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“Furthermore, many patients will require multiple medication trials and may take months to experience any symptomatic improvement [36].”
Citations
Cites
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A Consensus Statement on the Use of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mood Disorders
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Wei, X., Zhong, X.-N., Ouyang, Y., Liu, Y., & Qin, W. (2026) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp290049
ESKETAMINE AND DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION IN TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Wiśniewska, J., Wiśniewski, M., Buczek, W., Bartnik, P., Barzyk, K., & Pietrzak, M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5003
Shelke, S., & Thummalapally, R. R. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.105219
“Treatment-resistant depression (TRD), defined as the failure to respond to at least two adequate antidepressant trials, affects up to 30% of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and is linked to severe functional impairment and increased suicidality [1].”
Dong, J.-T., Wang, L., Dong, C., Wang, F., Chang, T.-Y., Cui, Y., & Guo, J.-J. (2026) · Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtcms.2026.03.005
Li, J., Sun, C., Wang, F.-Z., Fan, B., Bai, X., Wu, Z., Shi, X., Fan, B.-L., Zou, X., & Sun, J. (2026) · Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtcms.2026.03.006
Predictors of responsiveness to ketamine: An updated systematic review of neuroimaging findings.
Kiani, I., Cattarinussi, G., Sambataro, F., Schiena, G., Delvecchio, G., & Squarcina, L. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121521
de Deus, M., Robbe, L., Baumann, C., Luc, A., Laprévote, V., Petit, C., & Cosker, E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121317
Naderi, M. S., Khosravi, S., Hemmati, P., Ghasemi, S., & Rasaee, Z. (2025) · Advances in Skin Wound and Tissue Repair · doi:10.61882/aswtr.22.2.10
Concurrent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Ketamine Therapy: Case Report
Sommers, K. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2025.200404
Special Issue “Depression: From Molecular Basis to Therapy”
Kisková, T., & Bednářová, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083844
“However, about one-third of patients with depression do not adequately respond to antidepressant pharmacotherapy [7].”
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment Resistant Depression: Systematic Review
Vanleuven, J., Hori, Y. S., Osama, T., Harary, P., Lui, A., Persad, A. R. L., Tayag, A., Emrich, S., Ustrzynski, L., Purger, D., et al. (2025) · World Neurosurgery: X · doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100451
Oliveira, T. G. C., Malta, S., Marson, E., Trovó, A., Justino, A., Bittar, V. P., Espíndola, F. S., Tomiosso, T. C., Ueira-Vieira, C., & Zanon, R. G. (2024) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00037
Modafinil Use in an Adolescent With Major Depressive Disorder
Çakır, E. Ö., Karakuş, O. B., & Adak, İ. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001893
Exploring the Dilemmas Faced by Depressed Patients in China Based on Deep Learning Methods
Zou, Z., Li, Y., & Sheng, S. Y. (2023) · 2023 9th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC) · doi:10.1109/iccc59590.2023.10507488
“Up to 20–40% of patients with major depression do not achieve remission after two or more courses of treatment with different antidepressant medications [2, 3].”
BackgroundAgbo, C., Chima, U., Nwachuya, C., Enang, N. V., Okoye, C., Mbaji, S. M., Uzokwe, N. M., Ngige, A. P., Iwuchukwu, O., & Okoloekwe, A. (2023) · American Journal of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.25259/ajpps_2023_014
Therapeutic Values of Ketamine for COVID-19-Cared Patients: An Expert’s Point of View
Weinbroum, A. (2022) · International Journal of Anesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.33696/anesthesia.1.001
“Sustained efficacy of ketamine was evidenced in patients suffering from lasting depression and in those who were treatment-resistant [24,25].”
BackgroundAssessment of mindfulness trait in treatment-resistant depression: a cross-sectional study
Moraes, R. D. C., Junkes, L., Quagliato, L., Nardi, A. E., & Rodrigues, M. F. (2026) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085-2025-0038
曹, 诗. (2025) · Hans Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.12677/hjcb.2025.152002
Perez, J., Gonzalez, M., & Ramirez, S. (2024) · Specialty Journal of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Biotechnology · doi:10.51847/rmgserramc
Research Progress of Depression Prevention and Treatment with Chinese Medicine
Zhu, H.-F. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.134975
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Meditative Experience as Factors of Personal Change
Omelchenko, N., & Kurapov, A. (2023) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Psychology · doi:10.17721/bpsy.2023.1(17).8 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kverno, K. S., & Mangano, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 7-11
- ISSN
- 0279-3695 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2413
- OpenAlex
- W3196802696
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, antidepressant treatment, esketamine, psilocybin, pramipexole, depression subtypes, depression remission
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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