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Trends in 24-h urinary sodium excretion in the United States, 1957–2003: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background Few studies have examined temporal trends in sodium intake in the US population. Collections of 24-h urine sodium excretions are reliable markers for dietary sodium intake.Objective We examined temporal trends in 24-h urine sodium excretions to estimate temporal trends in sodium intake in the US population.Design We performed a systematic search of English-language articles in MEDLINE for studies that reported collections of 24-h urine sodium excretions in the United States. We estimated mean urine sodium excretions over time for all studies and demographic subgroups.Results We analyzed 38 studies, which dated from 1957 to 2003, and estimated a mean (± SE) 24-h urine sodium excretion per person of 3526 ± 75 mg Na. In a multivariate random-effects model with study year, sex, age, and race, the study year was not associated with any significant change in sodium excretions (coefficient = 154 mg Na · 24 h⁻¹ · 10 y⁻¹; 95% CI: -140, 448 mg Na · 24 h⁻¹ · 10 y⁻¹). In subgroup analyses, there was no significant temporal trend seen in male, female, black, or white study participants.Conclusion Sodium intake in the US adult population appears to be well above current guidelines and does not appear to have decreased with time.
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“it is rare for anyone to voluntarily follow a diet that low in sodium,19”
From Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bernstein, A. M., & Willett, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Willett, Walter C
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1172-1180
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2954449
- OpenAlex
- W2139499460
- Semantic Scholar
- 806768d9d6a3e9689ebeda05bd3d45dc2dcaf034
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK00703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- sodium intake, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, temporal trends, dietary sodium, sex differences, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Nutrition Policy
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