Cited by 166Sodium Intake and HealthNutritional Studies and DietBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

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Trends in 24-h urinary sodium excretion in the United States, 1957–2003: a systematic review

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Bernstein, Adam M, Willett, Walter C·2010·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29367PMC PMC2954449

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Abstract

Background Few studies have examined temporal trends in sodium intake in the US population. Collections of 24-h urine sodium excretions are reliable markers for dietary sodium intake.Objective We examined temporal trends in 24-h urine sodium excretions to estimate temporal trends in sodium intake in the US population.Design We performed a systematic search of English-language articles in MEDLINE for studies that reported collections of 24-h urine sodium excretions in the United States. We estimated mean urine sodium excretions over time for all studies and demographic subgroups.Results We analyzed 38 studies, which dated from 1957 to 2003, and estimated a mean (± SE) 24-h urine sodium excretion per person of 3526 ± 75 mg Na. In a multivariate random-effects model with study year, sex, age, and race, the study year was not associated with any significant change in sodium excretions (coefficient = 154 mg Na · 24 h⁻¹ · 10 y⁻¹; 95% CI: -140, 448 mg Na · 24 h⁻¹ · 10 y⁻¹). In subgroup analyses, there was no significant temporal trend seen in male, female, black, or white study participants.Conclusion Sodium intake in the US adult population appears to be well above current guidelines and does not appear to have decreased with time.

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Authors: Bernstein, A. M., & Willett, W. C.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Willett, Walter C
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 92
Issue: 5
Pages: 1172-1180
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29367
PMC: PMC2954449
OpenAlex: W2139499460
Semantic Scholar: 806768d9d6a3e9689ebeda05bd3d45dc2dcaf034
Cited by: 166
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 1.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4494 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK00703)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords: sodium intake, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, temporal trends, dietary sodium, sex differences, racial differences
MeSH terms: Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Nutrition Policy

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Trends in 24-h urinary sodium excretion in the United States, 1957–2003: a systematic review

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