Cited by 198Birth, Development, and HealthImmune responses and vaccinationsInfant Nutrition and Health

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Nutritionally Mediated Programming of the Developing Immune System

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Palmer, Amanda C.·2011·Advances in Nutrition

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Abstract

A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of a mother's nutrition from preconception through lactation in programming the emerging organ systems and homeostatic pathways of her offspring. The developing immune system may be particularly vulnerable. Indeed, examples of nutrition-mediated immune programming can be found in the literature on intra-uterine growth retardation, maternal micronutrient deficiencies, and infant feeding. Current models of immune ontogeny depict a "layered" expansion of increasingly complex defenses, which may be permanently altered by maternal malnutrition. One programming mechanism involves activation of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to nutritional stress. Fetal or neonatal exposure to elevated stress hormones is linked in animal studies to permanent changes in neuroendocrine-immune interactions, with diverse manifestations such as an attenuated inflammatory response or reduced resistance to tumor colonization. Maternal malnutrition may also have a direct influence, as evidenced by nutrient-driven epigenetic changes to developing T regulatory cells and subsequent risk of allergy or asthma. A 3rd programming pathway involves placental or breast milk transfer of maternal immune factors with immunomodulatory functions (e.g. cytokines). Maternal malnutrition can directly affect transfer mechanisms or influence the quality or quantity of transferred factors. The public health implications of nutrition-mediated immune programming are of particular importance in the developing world, where prevalent maternal undernutrition is coupled with persistent infectious challenges. However, early alterations to the immune system, resulting from either nutritional deficiencies or excesses, have broad relevance for immune-mediated diseases, such as asthma, and chronic inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular disease.

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Authors: Palmer, A. C.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author: Palmer, Amanda C.
ORCID: Palmer, Amanda C.
Venue: Advances in Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-09
Volume: 2
Issue: 5
Pages: 377-395
ISSN: 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
2161-8313
DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000570
PMC: PMC3183589
OpenAlex: W2168523800
Cited by: 198
References: 373
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3801 d)
Locations: Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: United States Agency for International Development (GHS-A-00-03-00019-00)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GHS-A-00-03-00019-00)
Procter and Gamble
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords: immune programming, maternal nutrition, maternal malnutrition, fetal programming, immune ontogeny, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress hormones, neuroendocrine-immune interaction, epigenetic regulation, regulatory T cells, placental transfer, breast milk, cytokines, micronutrient deficiency, fetal growth restriction, infant feeding, immune-mediated diseases
MeSH terms: Animals, Breast Feeding, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Humans, Immune System, Lactation, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Malnutrition, Nutrition Therapy

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Nutritionally Mediated Programming of the Developing Immune System

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