Cited by 198Birth, Development, and HealthImmune responses and vaccinationsInfant Nutrition and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 371 of the 373 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nutritionally Mediated Programming of the Developing Immune System

Open access
Palmer, Amanda C.·2011·Advances in Nutrition

Abstract

A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of a mother's nutrition from preconception through lactation in programming the emerging organ systems and homeostatic pathways of her offspring. The developing immune system may be particularly vulnerable. Indeed, examples of nutrition-mediated immune programming can be found in the literature on intra-uterine growth retardation, maternal micronutrient deficiencies, and infant feeding. Current models of immune ontogeny depict a "layered" expansion of increasingly complex defenses, which may be permanently altered by maternal malnutrition. One programming mechanism involves activation of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to nutritional stress. Fetal or neonatal exposure to elevated stress hormones is linked in animal studies to permanent changes in neuroendocrine-immune interactions, with diverse manifestations such as an attenuated inflammatory response or reduced resistance to tumor colonization. Maternal malnutrition may also have a direct influence, as evidenced by nutrient-driven epigenetic changes to developing T regulatory cells and subsequent risk of allergy or asthma. A 3rd programming pathway involves placental or breast milk transfer of maternal immune factors with immunomodulatory functions (e.g. cytokines). Maternal malnutrition can directly affect transfer mechanisms or influence the quality or quantity of transferred factors. The public health implications of nutrition-mediated immune programming are of particular importance in the developing world, where prevalent maternal undernutrition is coupled with persistent infectious challenges. However, early alterations to the immune system, resulting from either nutritional deficiencies or excesses, have broad relevance for immune-mediated diseases, such as asthma, and chronic inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular disease.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3945/an.111.000570

Cites

371 of 371 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

3 retracted

Items 201–371 of 371

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 373 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Litonjua, 2004, Maternal antioxidant intake during pregnancy and cord blood lymphoproliferative responses, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 169, A501

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 198

Metadata

Authors
Palmer, A. C.
Affiliations
Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
Palmer, Amanda C.
Venue
Advances in Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-09
Volume
2
Issue
5
Pages
377-395
ISSN
  • 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
  • 2161-8313
OpenAlex
W2168523800
Cited by
198
References
373
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI
1.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • United States Agency for International Development (GHS-A-00-03-00019-00)
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GHS-A-00-03-00019-00)
  • Procter and Gamble
  • Johns Hopkins University
  • Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords
immune programming, maternal nutrition, maternal malnutrition, fetal programming, immune ontogeny, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress hormones, neuroendocrine-immune interaction, epigenetic regulation, regulatory T cells, placental transfer, breast milk, cytokines, micronutrient deficiency, fetal growth restriction, infant feeding, immune-mediated diseases
MeSH terms
Animals, Breast Feeding, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Humans, Immune System, Lactation, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Malnutrition, Nutrition Therapy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review