The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This approach cannot work, because in general, the accuracy of information X must depend on the hypothesis under consideration”
From Explicit Bayesian Analysis for Process Tracing: Guidelines, Opportunities, and Caveats (2017) · cites this paper as Beach and Pedersen (2013:126-29)
In the citing paper
“It is widely agreed that the core of Process-tracing (PT) as a distinct case study methodology is that it involves tracing causal mechanisms that link causes (X) with their effects (i.e. outcomes) (Y)”
From It's all about mechanisms – what process-tracing case studies should be tracing (2016) · cites this paper as Beach and Pedersen, 2013
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inside help: An integrative review of champions in healthcare-related implementation
Miech, E. J., Rattray, N. A., Flanagan, M. E., Damschroder, L., Schmid, A. A., & Damush, T. M. (2018) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312118773261 · Cited by 508
Swedberg, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108762519.002 · Cited by 471
Combining QCA and Process Tracing in Set-Theoretic Multi-Method Research
Schneider, C. Q., & Rohlfing, I. (2013) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124113481341 · Cited by 385
Between X and Y: how process tracing contributes to opening the black box of causality
Trampusch, C., & Palier, B. (2016) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2015.1134465 · Cited by 361
How entrepreneurial ecosystems take form: Evidence from social impact initiatives in Seattle
Thompson, T. A., Purdy, J. M., & Ventresca, M. J. (2018) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1285 · Cited by 306
Gerring, J. (2017) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-092415-024158 · Cited by 443
The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
Tsourapas, G. (2019) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016 · Cited by 242
Before theory comes theorizing or how to make social science more interesting
Swedberg, R. (2016) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12184 · Cited by 218
Mixing Methods: A Bayesian Approach
HUMPHREYS, M., & JACOBS, A. M. (2015) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055415000453 · Cited by 198
Explicit Bayesian Analysis for Process Tracing: Guidelines, Opportunities, and Caveats
Fairfield, T., & Charman, A. E. (2017) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2017.14 · Cited by 193
Transparency: The Revolution in Qualitative Research
Moravcsik, A. M. (2013) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096513001789 · Cited by 232
What Can Causal Process Tracing Offer to Policy Studies? A Review of the Literature
Kay, A., & Baker, P. (2014) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12092 · Cited by 204
It's all about mechanisms – what process-tracing case studies should be tracing
Beach, D. (2016) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2015.1134466 · Cited by 174
Self-citationThe comparative sequential method
Falleti, T. G., & Mahoney, J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316273104.009 · Cited by 178
Capano, G., & Howlett, M. P. (2019) · Public Policy and Administration · doi:10.1177/0952076719827068 · Cited by 190
Derakhshan, A., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Ortega-Martín, J. L. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.029877 · Cited by 184
Resiliency dynamics of norm clusters: Norm contestation and international cooperation
Lantis, J. S., & Wunderlich, C. (2018) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210517000626 · Cited by 164
Case Studies Nested in Fuzzy-set QCA on Sufficiency: Formalizing Case Selection and Causal Inference
Schneider, C. Q., & Rohlfing, I. (2016) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124114532446 · Cited by 147
Verger, A., & Curran, M. (2014) · Critical Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/17508487.2014.913531 · Cited by 146
A Dynamic Ensemble for Second Language Research: Putting Complexity Theory Into Practice
Hiver, P. V., & Al‐Hoorie, A. H. (2016) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12347 · Cited by 167
Befani, B., & Mayne, J. (2014) · IDS Bulletin · doi:10.1111/1759-5436.12110 · Cited by 142
Crafting Counterrevolution: How Reactionaries Learned to Combat Change in 1848
Weyland, K. (2016) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000174 · Cited by 140
Ulibarrí, N. (2015) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12096 · Cited by 139
Checkel, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317721813 · Cited by 149
Environmental change and social conflict: the northeast Atlantic mackerel dispute
Spijkers, J., & Boonstra, W. J. (2017) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1150-4 · Cited by 134
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108762519 · Cited by 154
Biesbroek, R. G., & Candel, J. (2019) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-019-09354-2 · Cited by 127
Explaining Advocacy Coalition Change with Policy Feedback
Schmid, N., Sewerin, S., & Schmidt, T. S. (2019) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12365 · Cited by 150
Overdevest, C. A., & Zeitlin, J. (2017) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12180 · Cited by 117
How ideas matter in public policy: a review of concepts, mechanisms, and methods
Swinkels, M. (2020) · International Review of Public Policy · doi:10.4000/irpp.1343 · Cited by 116
Applying and Assessing Large-N QCA: Causality and Robustness From a Critical Realist Perspective
Rutten, R. (2020) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124120914955 · Cited by 119
Integrating Cross-case Analyses and Process Tracing in Set-Theoretic Research
Beach, D., & Rohlfing, I. (2015) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115613780 · Cited by 181
Self-citationData Access and Research Transparency in the Qualitative Tradition
Elman, C., & Kapiszewski, D. (2013) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096513001777 · Cited by 113
A framework on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks
Shiffman, J., Quissell, K., Schmitz, H. P., Pelletier, D. L., Smith, S., Berlan, D. G., Gneiting, U., Slyke, D. M. V., Mergel, I. A., Rodriguez, M. A., et al. (2015) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czu046 · Cited by 113
‘Feeding 9 billion people’: global food security debates and the productionist trap
Fouilleux, E., Bricas, N., & Alpha, A. (2017) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2017.1334084 · Cited by 137
Process-Tracing Research Designs: A Practical Guide
Ricks, J. I., & Liu, A. H. (2018) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096518000975 · Cited by 113
Implementing digitalization in the public sector. Technologies, agency, and governance
Giulio, M. D., & Vecchi, G. (2021) · Public Policy and Administration · doi:10.1177/09520767211023283 · Cited by 133
What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Digital Protectionism?
Aaronson, S. A. (2018) · World Trade Review · doi:10.1017/s1474745618000198 · Cited by 100
Declaring and Diagnosing Research Designs
Blair, G., Cooper, J., Coppock, A., & Humphreys, M. (2019) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055419000194 · Cited by 112
A Unifying Framework for Causal Analysis in Set-Theoretic Multimethod Research
Rohlfing, I., & Schneider, C. Q. (2018) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115626170 · Cited by 98
A comprehensive view of trust in education: Conclusions from a systematic literature review
Niedlich, S., Kallfaß, A., Pohle, S., & Bormann, I. (2021) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3239 · Cited by 98
Plenta, P. (2020) · Contemporary Politics · doi:10.1080/13569775.2020.1781332 · Cited by 97
Haelg, L., Sewerin, S., & Schmidt, T. S. (2019) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-019-09365-z · Cited by 95
Pape, M. (2019) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243219867914 · Cited by 111
Achieving Methodological Alignment When Combining QCA and Process Tracing in Practice
Beach, D. (2018) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124117701475 · Cited by 90
Self-citationBengtsson, B., & Ruonavaara, H. (2016) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/0048393116658549 · Cited by 102
Comparative Hypothesis Testing Via Process Tracing
Rohlfing, I. (2014) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124113503142 · Cited by 85
Policy failures, blame games and changes to policy practice
Hinterleitner, M. (2017) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x16000283 · Cited by 85
Labor Migrants as Political Leverage: Migration Interdependence and Coercion in the Mediterranean
Tsourapas, G. (2018) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqx088 · Cited by 88
Rethinking causal explanation in interpretive international studies
Norman, L. (2021) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/13540661211006454 · Cited by 92
Sotirov, M., Winkel, G., & Eckerberg, K. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01644-5 · Cited by 82
Fairfield, T., & Charman, A. (2019) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592718002177 · Cited by 79
Climate Politics in Green Deals: Exposing the Political Frontiers of the European Green Deal
Samper, J. A., Schockling, A., & Işlar, M. (2021) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v9i2.3853 · Cited by 79
Nielsen, B. S., & Smeets, S. (2017) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2017.1285342 · Cited by 76
Causation in Mixed Methods Research: The Meeting of Philosophy, Science, and Practice
Johnson, R. B., Federica Russo, B., & Schoonenboom, J. (2017) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689817719610 · Cited by 87
Jordan, A., & Moore, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779869 · Cited by 76
Agencies between two worlds: information asymmetry in multilevel policy-making
Ruffing, E. (2015) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2015.1011198 · Cited by 77
Qualitative investigation of theoretical models: the value of process tracing
Lorentzen, P., Fravel, M. T., & Paine, J. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/0951629816664420 · Cited by 80
When Epistemic Communities Fail: Exploring the Mechanism of Policy Influence
Löblová, O. (2017) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12213 · Cited by 73
Meissner, K. L., & McKenzie, L. (2018) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1526203 · Cited by 68
Mu, R., de Jong, M., & Koppenjan, J. F. M. (2018) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2018.1508607 · Cited by 76
Jacquot, S., & Vitale, T. (2014) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2014.887138 · Cited by 77
Beach, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-16936-7_43 · Cited by 79
Self-citationDebt and vulnerability: indebtedness, institutions and smallholder agriculture in South India
Ramprasad, V. (2018) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2018.1460597 · Cited by 65
Elman, C., Gerring, J., & Mahoney, J. (2016) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124116644273 · Cited by 65
Process Tracing and Bayesian Updating for impact evaluation
Befani, B., & Stedman-Bryce, G. (2016) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389016654584 · Cited by 65
Agency, Structure and the Power of Global Health Networks
Shiffman, J. (2018) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2018.71 · Cited by 64
Pattyn, V., Molenveld, A., & Befani, B. (2017) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214017710502 · Cited by 76
Wackenhut, A. F. (2017) · The American sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-017-9363-z · Cited by 34
Eckhard, S., Patz, R., & Schmidt, S. (2018) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1539116 · Cited by 62
Rey‐García, M., Mato‐Santiso, V., & Felgueiras, A. (2020) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650320949822 · Cited by 61
Launching Revolution: Social Media and the Egyptian Uprising’s First Movers
Clarke, K., & Kocak, K. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000194 · Cited by 72
Meier, H. E., & García, B. (2015) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12208 · Cited by 60
Russkiy Mir: The Geopolitics of Russian Compatriots Abroad
Pieper, M. (2018) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1465047 · Cited by 60
Coping with deindustrialization in the global North and South
Pike, A. (2020) · International Journal of Urban Sciences · doi:10.1080/12265934.2020.1730225 · Cited by 60
Rohlfing, I., & Zuber, C. I. (2021) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124119826156 · Cited by 53
Place branding, embeddedness and endogenous rural development: Four European cases
Donner, M., Horlings, L., Fort, F., & Vellema, S. (2016) · Place Branding and Public Diplomacy · doi:10.1057/s41254-016-0049-z · Cited by 55
Koivu, K. L., & Hinze, A. M. (2017) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096517001214 · Cited by 72
The contribution of process tracing to theory-based evaluations of complex aid instruments
Schmitt, J., & Beach, D. (2015) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389015607739 · Cited by 53
Self-citationStatus Matters in World Politics
Götz, E. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa046 · Cited by 56
Yazdanmehr, E., Shirvan, M. E., & Saghafi, K. (2021) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12548 · Cited by 51
Single case studies and theory-testing: the knots and dots of the process-tracing method
Ulriksen, M. S., & Dadalauri, N. (2014) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2014.979718 · Cited by 54
Forensic conflict studies: Making sense of war in the social media age
Hauter, J. (2021) · Media War & Conflict · doi:10.1177/17506352211037325 · Cited by 50
Agency in Earth System Governance
Betsill, M. M., Benney, T. M., Gerlak, A. K., Brown, C., Chan, S., Enechi, O., Mitchell, R., Möller, I., Patterson, J., Scobie, M., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108688277 · Cited by 52
Kaur, M., Gupta, M., Vijin, P. P., Rana, M., & Chakrapani, V. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203209 · Cited by 51
Paquet, M. (2015) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2015.1023185 · Cited by 48
Blame, Reputation, and Organizational Responses to a Politicized Climate
Hinterleitner, M., & Sager, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76672-0_7 · Cited by 47
Vanhala, L. C. (2017) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/lapo.12093 · Cited by 47
Illicit Partners and Political Development: How Organized Crime Made the State
Koivu, K. L. (2017) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-017-9242-1 · Cited by 49
The Ulysses Principle: A Criterial Framework for Reducing Bias When Enlisting the Work of Historians
Møller, J. Ø., & Skaaning, S. (2018) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124118769107 · Cited by 47
When Normative and Market Power Interact: The European Union and Global Biofuels Governance
Renckens, S., Skogstad, G., & Mondou, M. (2017) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/jcms.12584 · Cited by 46
In Pursuit of Impact: From Research Questions to Problem Formulation in Entrepreneurship Research
Chen, S., Sharma, G., & Muñoz, P. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587221111736 · Cited by 48
Lecours, A. (2018) · Polity · doi:10.1086/696709 · Cited by 45
From Marx to Market: Lawyers, European Law, and the Contentious Transformation of the Port of Genoa
Pavone, T. (2018) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12365 · Cited by 45
Bergmann, J. (2018) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1526204 · Cited by 45
Peripheral and embedded: relational patterns of lone-actor terrorist radicalization
Lindekilde, L. E., Malthaner, S., & O’Connor, F. P. (2018) · Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict · doi:10.1080/17467586.2018.1551557 · Cited by 52
The Political Economy of the SPD Reconsidered: Evidence from the Great Recession
Bremer, B. (2019) · German Politics · doi:10.1080/09644008.2018.1555817 · Cited by 44
How “institutionalization” can work. Structuring governance for digital transformation in Italy
Giulio, M. D., & Vecchi, G. (2022) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/ropr.12488 · Cited by 58
Reducing ambiguity to close the science-policy gap
WELLSTEAD, A. M., Cairney, P., & Oliver, K. A. (2018) · Policy Design and Practice · doi:10.1080/25741292.2018.1458397 · Cited by 46
Closa, C., & Palestini, S. (2018) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887118000035 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Beach, D., & Pedersen, R.
- Venue
- University of Michigan Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of Michigan Press
- Published
- 2013
- OpenAlex
- W4234465239
- Cited by
- 1,140
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 136 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 39.15
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- University of Michigan Press eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Science Research and Education
- Keywords
- process tracing, causal inference, qualitative research, causal mechanisms, historical causation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review