Prenatal secondhand cigarette smoke promotes Th2 polarization and impairs goblet cell differentiation and airway mucus formation
Open accessAbstract
Parental, particularly maternal, smoking increases the risk for childhood allergic asthma and infection. Similarly, in a murine allergic asthma model, prenatal plus early postnatal exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke (SS) exacerbates airways hyperreactivity and Th2 responses in the lung. However, the mechanism and contribution of prenatal versus early postnatal SS exposure on allergic asthma remain unresolved. To identify the effects of prenatal and/or early postnatal SS on allergic asthma, BALB/c dams and their offspring were exposed gestationally and/or 8–10 wk postbirth to filtered air or SS. Prenatal, but not postnatal, SS strongly increased methacholine and allergen (Aspergillus)-induced airway resistance, Th2 cytokine levels, and atopy and activated the Th2-polarizing pathway GATA3/Lck/ERK1/2/STAT6. Either prenatal and/or early postnatal SS downregulated the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and, surprisingly, despite high levels of IL-4/IL-13, dramatically blocked the allergen-induced mucous cell metaplasia, airway mucus formation, and the expression of mucus-related genes/proteins: Muc5ac, γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors, and SAM pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor. Given that SS/nicotine exposure of normal adult mice promotes mucus formation, the results suggested that fetal and neonatal lung are highly sensitive to cigarette smoke. Thus, although the gestational SS promotes Th2 polarization/allergic asthma, it may also impair and/or delay the development of fetal and neonatal lung, affecting mucociliary clearance and Th1 responses. Together, this may explain the increased susceptibility of children from smoking parents to allergic asthma and childhood respiratory infections.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In animal models, exposure to in utero and early postnatal tobacco smoke is associated with a Th1 and Th2 imbalance and increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections.
“In animal models, exposure to in utero and early postnatal tobacco smoke has been associated with a Th1 and Th2 imbalance and increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections.31”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In animal models, exposure to in utero and early postnatal tobacco smoke is associated with a Th1 and Th2 imbalance and an increased susceptibility to airway reactivity.
“In animal models, exposure to in utero and early postnatal tobacco smoke has been associated with a Th1 and Th2 imbalance and an increased susceptibility to airway reactivity.31”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Prenatal smoke exposure caused Th1 and Th2 changes in mice after Aspergillus sensitization.
“| Y Interferon-g | Prenatal smoke exposure caused Th1 and Th2 changes in | 31 |”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STATs: transcriptional control and biological impact
Levy, D. E., & Darnell, J. E. (2002) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm909 · Cited by 3,201 · see citing works
Interleukin-13: Central Mediator of Allergic Asthma
Wills-Karp, M. A., Luyimbazi, J., Xu, X., Schofield, B., Neben, T. Y., Karp, C. L., & Donaldson, D. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2258 · Cited by 2,596 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Homer, R., Wang, Z., Chen, Q., Geba, G. P., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Elias, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci5909 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works
Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system
Sopori, M. L. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri803 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Self-citationRespiratory Tract Mucin Genes and Mucin Glycoproteins in Health and Disease
Rose, M. C., & Voynow, J. A. (2005) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2005 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
The role of IL-6 and STAT3 in inflammation and cancer.
Hodge, D., Hurt, E. M., & Farrar, W. (2005) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.016 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health.
Difranza, J., Aligne, C., & Weitzman, M. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.s3.1007 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Zhang, D.-H., Cohn, L. E., Ray, P., Bottomly, K., & Ray, A. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.34.21597 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Conditional deletion of Gata3 shows its essential function in TH1-TH2 responses
Zhu, J., Min, B., Hu‐Li, J., Watson, C. J., Grinberg, A., Wang, Q., Killeen, N. P., Urban, J. F., Guo, L., & Paul, W. E. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1128 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Cook, D. G., & Strachan, D. P. (1999) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.54.4.357 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
T Helper Cell Fate Specified by Kinase-Mediated Interaction of T-bet with GATA-3
Hwang, E. S., Szabo, S. J., Schwartzberg, P. L., & Glimcher, L. H. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103336 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Yamane, H., Cote-Sierra, J., Guo, L.-Y., & Paul, W. (2006) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310002 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Transcription Factor NF‐κB: A Sensor for Smoke and Stress Signals
Ahn, K., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1352.026 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Chen, G., Korfhagen, T. R., Xu, Y. J., Kitzmiller, J. A., Wert, S. E., Maeda, Y., Gregorieff, A., Clevers, H. C., & Whitsett, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci39731 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Perera, F. P., Tang, W., Herbstman, J., Tang, D. L., Levin, L. S., Miller, R. L., & Ho, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004488 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Gergen, P. J., Fowler, J. A., Maurer, K. R., Davis, W. W., & Overpeck, M. D. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.2.e8 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Humbert, M. J. C., Menz, G., Sun, Y., Corrigan, C. J., Robinson, D. S., Durham, S. R., & Kay, A. B. (1999) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01535-2 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Usui, T., Preiß, J., Kanno, Y., Yao, Z. J., Bream, J. H., O’Shea, J. J., & Strober, W. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20052165 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on Serine 536 Defines an IκBα-independent NF-κB Pathway
Sasaki, C. Y., Barberi, T. J., Ghosh, P., & Longo, D. L. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m504943200 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced COPD: insights from animal models
Churg, A., Cosío, M. G., & Wright, J. L. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00390.2007 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Jenner, R. G., Townsend, M. J., Jackson, I., Sun, K., Bouwman, R. D., Young, R. A., Glimcher, L. H., & Lord, G. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909357106 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Pattenden, S., Antova, T., Neuberger, M., Nikiforov, B., Sario, M. D., Grize, L., Heinrich, J., Hruba, F., Janssen, N., Luttmann‐Gibson, H., et al. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.015065 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Shao, M. X. G., Nakanaga, T., & Nadel, J. A. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00019.2004 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Bradley, J. P., Bacharier, L. B., Bonfiglio, J., Schechtman, K. B., Strunk, R. C., Storch, G. A., & Castro, M. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0059 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A GABAergic system in airway epithelium is essential for mucus overproduction in asthma
Xiang, Y., Wang, S., Liu, M., Hirota, J. A., Li, J., Ju, W. H., Fan, Y., Kelly, M. M., Ye, B., Orser, B. A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1604 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Airway mucus: The good, the bad, the sticky
Evans, C. M., & Koo, J. S. (2008) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Schoor, J. V., Joos, G. F., & Pauwels, R. (2000) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.016003514.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respiratory health in children
Cheraghi, M., & Salvi, S. (2009) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-009-0967-3 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Lemanske, R. F., & Busse, W. W. (2003) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2003.94 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Yamashita, M., Shinnakasu, R., Asou, H. K., Kimura, M. Y., Hasegawa, A., Hashimoto, K., Hatano, N., Ogata, M., & Nakayama, T. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m502333200 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Kulig, M., Luck, W., Lau, S., Niggemann, B., Bergmann, R. L., Klettke, U., Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I., & Wahn, U. (1999) · Allergy · doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00753.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Mammalian Respiratory System and Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health
Pinkerton, K. E., & Joad, J. P. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s3457 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Lung Development and Adult Lung Diseases
Shi, W., Bellusci, S., & Warburton, D. (2007) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.06-2663 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Kuperman, D. A., & Schleimer, R. P. (2008) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652408785161032 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The Function Role of GATA-3 in Th1 and Th2 Differentiation
Zhou, M., & Ouyang, W. (2003) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:28:1:25 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Holt, P. G., Rowe, J., Kusel, M. M. H., Parsons, F., Hollams, E. M., Bosco, A., McKenna, K., Subrata, L. S., de Klerk, N. H., Serralha, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.018 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Lee, C. G. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25711 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hu, F. B., Persky, V., Flay, B. R., Zelli, A., Cooksey, J. A., & Richardson, J. L. (1997) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63090-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Keil, T., Lau, S., Roll, S., Grüber, C., Nickel, R., Niggemann, B., Wahn, U., Willich, S. N., & Kulig, M. (2009) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01867.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Christodoulopoulos, P., Cameron, L., Nakamura, Y., Lemière, C., Muro, S., Dugas, M., Boulet, L., Laviolette, M., Olivenstein, R., & Hamid, Q. A. (2001) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2001.114883 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Larsen, G. L., Renz, H., Loader, J., et al. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115651 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections
Dybing, E., & Sanner, T. (1999) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1191/096032799678839914 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Role of GATA-3 in Allergic Diseases
Barnes, P. J. (2008) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652408785160952 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Nicotine Primarily Suppresses Lung Th2 but Not Goblet Cell and Muscle Cell Responses to Allergens
Mishra, N. C., Rir-sima-ah, J., Langley, R. J., Singh, S. P., Peña-Philippides, J. C., Koga, T., Razani-Boroujerdi, S., Hutt, J., Campen, M., Kim, K. C., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7655 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationRehan, V. K., Asotra, K., & Torday, J. S. (2009) · Lung · doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9158-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Prenatal factors and the development of asthma
Kumar, R. (2008) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e3283154f26 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Rajendrasozhan, S., Yao, H., & Rahman, I. (2009) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412550903049132 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Prenatal Cigarette Smoke Decreases Lung cAMP and Increases Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Singh, S. P., Barrett, E. G., Kalra, R., Razani‐Boroujerdi, S., Langley, R. J., Kurup, V. P., Tesfaigzi, Y., & Sopori, M. L. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200211-1262oc · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationPassive Smoke Effects on Cough and Airways in Young Guinea Pigs
Joad, J. P., Munch, P. A., Bric, J. M., Evans, S. J., Pinkerton, K. E., Chen, C.-Y., & Bonham, A. C. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200308-1139oc · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Xepapadaki, P. V., Μanios, Y., Liarigkovinos, T., Grammatikaki, E., Douladiris, N., Kortsalioudaki, C., & Papadopoulos, N. G. (2009) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00820.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Murugan, V., & Peck, M. J. (2009) · Experimental Lung Research · doi:10.1080/01902140902759290 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Fritz, D. K., Kerr, C., Fattouh, R., Llop-Guevara, A., Khan, W. I., Jordana, M., & Richards, C. D. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903476 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Barrett, E. G., Wilder, J. A., March, T. H., Espindola, T. M., & Bice, D. E. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2106029 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Maanen, J. M. S., Albering, H. J., de Kok, T. M. C. M., Breda, S. G. J. V., Curfs, D. M. J., Vermeer, I. T. M., Ambergen, A. W., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Kleinjans, J. C. S., & Reeser, H. M. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108457 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Increases GABA Signaling and Mucin Expression in Airway Epithelium
Fu, X. W., Wood, K. J., & Spindel, E. R. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2010-0109oc · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Wang, C., Salam, M. T., Islam, T. S., Wenten, M., Gauderman, W. J., & Gilliland, F. D. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3370 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Penh is not a measure of airway resistance!
Lundblad, L. K. A., Irvin, C. G., Hantos, Z., et al. (2007) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00091307 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Mechanism of Mucus Production in Bronchial Asthma
Izuhara, K., Ohta, S., Shiraishi, H., et al. (2009) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986709788803196 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cigarette smoke suppresses Th1 cytokine production and increases RSV expression in a neonatal model
Phaybouth, V., Wang, S.-Z., Hutt, J. A., McDonald, J. D., Harrod, K. S., & Barrett, E. G. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00148.2005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Singh, M., Mishra, N. C., Rir-sima-ah, J., Campen, M., Kurup, V. P., Razani‐Boroujerdi, S., & Sopori, M. L. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900826 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDo childhood respiratory infections continue to influence adult respiratory morbidity?
Dharmage, S. C., Erbas, B., Jarvis, D., Wjst, M., Rahérison, C., Norbäck, D., Heinrich, J., Sunyer, J., & Svanes, C. (2008) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00062907 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effects of tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory health in school-aged children
Henderson, A. J. (2008) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2007.11.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Modeling Responses to Respiratory House Dust Mite Exposure
Cates, E. C., Fattouh, R., Johnson, J. R., Llop‐Guevara, A., & Jordana, M. (2007) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000107054 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pediatric Asthma: A Different Disease
Gelfand, E. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200808-090rm · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tanaka, K., Miyake, Y., Sasaki, S., Ohya, Y., Hirota, Y., & He, F. T. O. M. A. C. (2008) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770900802339742 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Mammalian Respiratory System and Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health
Pinkerton, K. E., & Joad, J. P. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.2307/3454537 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Inhibition of NF-κB Activation Reduces the Tissue Effects of Transgenic IL-13
Chapoval, S. P., Al-Garawi, A. A., Lora, J. M., Strickland, I., Ma, B., Lee, P. J., Homer, R., Ghosh, S., Coyle, A. J., & Elias, J. A. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Marseglia, G. L., Avanzini, M. A., Caimmi, S. M. E., Caimmi, D. P., Marseglia, A., Valsecchi, C., Poddighe, D., Ciprandi, G., Pagella, F., Klersy, C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2008.0108 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lck Mediates Th2 Differentiation through Effects on T-bet and GATA-3
Kemp, K. L., Levin, S. D., Bryce, P. J., & Stein, P. L. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901282 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness: too complex to be useful?
Joos, G. (2003) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4892(03)00046-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Detection of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in isolated mouse lungs
Witzenrath, M., Ahrens, B., Kube, S., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00011.2005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Airway hyperresponsiveness: relation to asthma and inflammation?
Rogers, D. F., & O'Connor, B. J. (1993) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.48.11.1095 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Penh Is Not a Validated Technique for Measuring Airway Function in Mice
Sly, P. D., Turner, D. J., Collins, R. A., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.172.2.954 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates mucin production via ERK phosphorylation
Kono, Y., Nishiuma, T., Okada, T., et al. (2009) · Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2009.10.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yu, H., Li, Q., Кolosov, V. P., et al. (2011) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00686.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
[Cigarette smoking by mothers during pregnancy and pulmonary function of their school age children].
Jedrychowski, W., Flak, E., & Mróz, E. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development
Gibbs, K., Collaco, J. M., & McGrath-Morrow, S. A. (2016) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.15-1858 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Spindel, E. R., & McEvoy, C. T. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201510-2013pp · Cited by 154 · see citing works
de Planell‐Saguer, M., Lovinsky‐Desir, S., & Miller, R. L. (2014) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.21836 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singh, S. P., Gundavarapu, S., Peña-Philippides, J. C., Rir-sima-ah, J., Mishra, N. C., Wilder, J. A., Langley, R. J., Smith, K. R., & Sopori, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Respiratory Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM 87108
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gundavarapu, Sravanthi
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4542-4552
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- PMC
- PMC3197944
- OpenAlex
- W2107007226
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017003, R01 DA04208-17, R01DA004208)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC004208)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Keywords
- allergic asthma, Th2 polarization, goblet cell differentiation, mucous cell metaplasia, STAT6 signaling, GATA3, T-bet, IL-4/IL-13, fetal lung development, neonatal lung, airway hyperresponsiveness, maternal smoking, mucociliary clearance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Female, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mucus, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Cell Polarity, Th2 Cells, Goblet Cells, Respiratory Mucosa, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
