The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from a Protozoan Parasite
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) from parasitic protozoa have been shown to exert a wide variety of effects on cells of the host innate immune system. However, the receptor(s) that are triggered by these protozoan glycolipids has not been identified. Here we present evidence that Trypanosoma cruzi-derived GPI anchors and GIPLs trigger CD25 expression on Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells transfected with CD14 and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), but not wild-type (TLR-2-deficient) Chinese hamster ovary cells. The protozoan-derived GPI anchors and GIPLs containing alkylacylglycerol and saturated fatty acid chains or ceramide were found to be active in a concentration range of 100 nM to 1 μM. More importantly, the GPI anchors purified from T. cruzi trypomastigotes, which contain a longer glycan core and unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of the alkylacylglycerolipid component, triggered TLR-2 at subnanomolar concentrations. We performed experiments with macrophages from TLR-2 knockout and TLR-4 knockout mice, and found that TLR-2 expression appears to be essential for induction of IL-12, TNF-α, and NO by GPI anchors derived from T. cruzi trypomastigotes. Thus, highly purified GPI anchors from T. cruzi parasites are potent activators of TLR-2 from both mouse and human origin. The activation of TLR-2 may initiate host innate defense mechanisms and inflammatory response during protozoan infection, and may provide new strategies for immune intervention during protozoan infections.
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Cites
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Self-citationToll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response
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Toll-like Receptor 2 Functions as a Pattern Recognition Receptor for Diverse Bacterial Products
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Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium
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Cited by
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Self-citationToll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity
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Medzhitov, R. (2001) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/35100529 · Cited by 4,308
Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses
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Metadata
- Authors
- Campos, M. A. S., Almeida, I. C., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S., Valente, E. P., Procópio, D. O., Travassos, L. R., Smith, J. A., Golenbock, D. T., & Gazzinelli, R. T.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-07-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 416-423
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2165199797
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 43
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Activation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from a Protozoan Parasite. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.416
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- Campos, M. A. S., Almeida, I. C., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S., Valente, E. P., Procópio, D. O., Travassos, L. R., Smith, J. A., Golenbock, D. T., & Gazzinelli, R. T. (2001). Activation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from a Protozoan Parasite. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.416
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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