Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Practice Post-FDA Approval in the United States: Results Observed With the First 100 Consecutive Cases of Depression at an Academic Medical Center
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients who have not responded to 1 adequate antidepressant trial in the current episode. In a retrospective cohort study, we examined the effectiveness and safety of TMS in the first 100 consecutive patients treated for depression (full DSM-IV criteria for major depressive episode in either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder) at an academic medical center between July 21, 2008, and March 25, 2011. Method TMS was flexibly dosed in a course of up to 30 sessions, adjunctive to current medications, for 85 patients treated for acute depression. The primary outcomes were response and remission rates at treatment end point as measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I) at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes included change in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS); Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, self-report (QIDS-SR); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Enduring benefit was assessed over 6 months in patients receiving maintenance TMS treatment. Data from 12 patients who received TMS as maintenance or continuation treatment after prior electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or TMS given in a clinical trial setting were also reviewed. Results The clinical cohort was treatment resistant, with a mean of 3.4 failed adequate trials in…
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Most clinical rTMS treatments for MDD occur daily and are applied using scalp-based targeting of DLPFC; these standard treatments are only modestly effective, even in the general MDD population.
“Most clinical rTMS treatments for MDD occur daily (one rTMS session per day) and are applied using scalp-based targeting of DLPFC. These standard treatments are only modestly effective, even in the general MDD population (17, 24–31).”
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“These RCT results are also supported by the results of large, multisite, observational studies of TMS as applied in routine clinical practice settings [13,14,28,48].”
ResultMilev, R. V., Giacobbe, P., Kennedy, S. H., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Downar, J., Modirrousta, M., Patry, S., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Lam, R. W., et al. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716660033 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
“The most common adverse effects for rTMS are scalp pain during stimulation (*40%) and transient headache after stimulation (*30%), both of which diminish steadily over treatment, typically respond to over-the-counter analgesia, and result in low rates of discontinuation.(47,48) The cognitive safety profile of rTMS app…”
BackgroundParikh, S. V., Quilty, L. C., Ravitz, P., Rosenbluth, M., Pavlova, B., Grigoriadis, S., Velyvis, V., Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., MacQueen, G. M., et al. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716659418 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
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Where in the Brain Is Depression?
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“…since then, it has been used successfully for the treatment of depression in clinical practice, with response and remission rates of 53.4 and 31.5% (Connolly et al. 2012), as compared with those of 13.7 and 16.8% for additional sequential * Address for correspondence: D. M. Blumberger, M.D.,…”
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Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Psychiatry
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“Food and Drug Administration as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression and has since proven to be an efficacious and safe adjunctive intervention for the disorder (28).”
BackgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depression
Janicak, P., & Dokucu, M. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s67477 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“In another retrospective report, the authors assessed 42 patients who initially responded or remitted after an acute trial of TMS for their unipolar or bipolar depressive episode.(44) In this group, 62% experienced continued benefit over a 6-month period while receiving adjunctive maintenance TMS.”
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“[13] reported on a retrospective analyses of 42 (unipolar or bipolar) acute TMS responders who went on to receive once monthly maintenance TMS in addition to stable pharmacotherapy.”
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“The patient underwent new courses of ECT after she relapsed until she remitted before developing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.”
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“Most protocols of maintenance gradually decrease the frequency of TMS session over a period going from 3 weeks to 1 year, in association with pharmacotherapy (Connolly et al., 2012; Janicak et al., 2010; Li et al., 2004; Mantovani et al., 2012; O'Reardon et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultVoigt, J. D., Carpenter, L. L., & Leuchter, A. F. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1989-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Jrl, Clinical Psych 2012 [40] Jrl Clin Psych 2017 rTMS consensus recommendations [10] stated there was no relationship between degree of treatment resistance and response to rTMS in this study.”
BackgroundSilverstein, W. K., Noda, Y., Barr, M. S., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Rajji, T., Fitzgerald, P. B., Downar, J., Mulsant, B. H., Vigod, S., Daskalakis, Z., et al. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22424 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Food and Drug Administration in 2008, and since then, its use in depressed patients not responding to first line agents has steadily grown, with remission outcomes comparable to antidepressant medications.[5] rTMS uses an electromagnetic coil placed on the scalp to induce a brief magnetic field pulse.”
BackgroundInfluentialNew Treatment Strategies of Depression: Based on Mechanisms Related to Neuroplasticity
Huang, Y.-J., Lane, H.-Y., & Lin, C.-H. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/4605971 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a Food and Drug Administration- (FDA-) approved treatment for patients with MDD who are resistant to antidepressant treatment [99].”
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“In particular, repetitive TMS (rTMS) has been approved by the American FDA regulatory authorities as a therapeutic intervention for symptoms of MDD in patients that failed to respond to at least one or two courses of pharmacological treatment (Horvath et al., 2010; Connolly et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation
Halsey, G., Wu, Y., & Guo, L. (2012) · Definitions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41854-0_3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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“…and efficacy in multiple randomized controlled trials (e.g., George et al., 2010; Levkovitz et al., 2015; O'Reardon et al., 2007); similar outcomes have been reported in naturalistic effectiveness research (Carpenter et al., 2012) and retrospective case reviews (Connolly et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTreatment-resistant Late-life Depression: Challenges and Perspectives
Knöchel, C., Alves, G. S., Friedrichs, B., Schneider, B., Schmidt-Rechau, A., Wenzler, S., Schneider, A., Prvulovic, D., Carvalho, A. F., & Oertel‐Knöchel, V. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x1305151013200032 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Next studies need to elucidate the distinct effects low and high frequency of TMS as well as its efficacy in the long-term course of TDR.”
InfluentialA randomized, sham-controlled study of maintenance rTMS for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
Benadhira, R., Thomas, F., Bouaziz, N., Braha, S., Andrianisaina, P. S.-K., Isaac, C., Moulier, V., & Januel, D. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.029 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Acute TMS/fMRI response explains offline TMS network effects - An interleaved TMS-fMRI study
Tik, M., Woletz, M., Schuler, A.-L., Vasileiadi, M., Cash, R., Zalesky, A., Lamm, C., & Windischberger, C. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119833 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Brain connectivity in major depressive disorder: a precision component of treatment modalities?
Tura, A., & Goya‐Maldonado, R. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02499-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The first-line treatment for MDD is pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, with the remission rates for both modalities around 50% [3, 4].”
BackgroundUse of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
Rizvi, S., & Khan, A. M. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.4736 · Cited by 51
Treating anxious depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Diefenbach, G., Bragdon, L. B., & Goethe, J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.094 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Parcel-guided rTMS for depression
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“…non-invasive nature, and ease of administration of TMS as a neuromodulatory treatment in both adult and pediatric patients, (Allen et al., 2017; Connolly, 2012; Damji et al., 2013; Milev, 2016; Rajapakse & Kirton, 2013; Rossi, 2009) there is a growing interest regarding the possibility of…”
Kozel, F. A. (2018) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“55 (Bakker et al., 2015; Connolly et al., 2012; Slotema et al., 2010); however, the antidepressant mechanisms of rTMS are largely unknown (Connolly et al.”
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“The evidence from these randomized controlled trials is recently supported by two large, naturalistic observational studies of TMS in clinical practice settings.(21,22) TMS uses pulsed, MRI-strength magnetic fields to induce electrical currents in the cortex of the brain.”
Challenging Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: A Roadmap for Improved Therapeutics
de Sousa, R. T., V. Zanetti, M., R. Brunoni, A., & Machado-Vieira, R. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150630173522 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In this context, a 6-month follow-up reported 62% of MDD TRD patients (n=42) maintaining response [141].”
BackgroundHaesebaert, F., Moirand, R., Schott-Pethelaz, A., Brunelin, J., & Poulet, E. (2018) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1255353 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This protocol was inspired by ECT maintenance protocols and previous rTMS studies (Janicak et al. 2010; Connolly et al. 2012; Mantovani et al. 2012; Richieri et al. 2013).”
MethodCo-activation patterns across multiple tasks reveal robust anti-correlated functional networks
Li, M., Dahmani, L., Wang, D., Ren, J., Stöcklein, S., Lin, Y., Luan, G., Zhang, Z., Lu, G., Galiè, F., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117680 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in bipolar disorder
Gold, A. K., Ornelas, A., Cirillo, P., Caldieraro, M., Nardi, A., Nierenberg, A., & Kinrys, G. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1419 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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“Two recent observational studies show response rates of 50% [33, 34], which compares favourably with STAR-D outcomes for antidepressant medication [35].”
ResultConcurrent TMS/fMRI reveals individual DLPFC dose-response pattern
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“The FDA has approved TMS over the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as a treatment option for pharmacotreatment-resistant depression (Connolly et al., 2012).”
Rosenquist, P., Krystal, A., Heart, K., Demitrack, M., & Mccall, W. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A course of TMS treatment for depression is typically administered once daily for 20–30 sessions of approximately 40 min duration (Connolly et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTaylor, S., Bhati, M. T., Dubin, M., Hawkins, J. M., Lisanby, S., Morales, O. G., Reti, I., Sampson, S. M., Short, E., Spino, C., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.049 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of postpartum depression
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Prefrontal cortical blood flow predicts response of depression to rTMS.
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“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has shown therapeutic efficacy in major depressive disorder (MDD) resistant to pharmacotherapy (Carpenter et al., 2012; Connolly et al., 2012; George et al., 1995; O'Reardon et al., 2007; Padberg and George, 2…”
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Neuromodulation Treatments for Geriatric Mood and Cognitive Disorders
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“2014, 2017) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (Connolly et al. 2012).”
BackgroundOberman, L. M., Hynd, M., Nielson, D. M., Towbin, K. E., Lisanby, S. H., & Stringaris, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642847 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Consistent with the FDA label for adult MDD, the DLPFC target is often approximated from measurements on the scalp (126).”
Lesenskyj, A., Samples, M. P., Farmer, J., & Maxwell, C. R. (2018) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-018-0113-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A self-report measure, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), has also been used to show remission in patients with depression who have been treated with this neurostimulation [13].”
MethodPradhan, B., Parikh, T., Makani, R. D., & Sahoo, M. (2015) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2015/842817 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In summary, even though there is fairly good amount of literature supporting role of rTMS in MDD and TRD, its use in TRD needs more investigation [60, 61].”
BackgroundMaximizing brain networks engagement via individualized connectome-wide target search.
Menardi, A., Momi, D., Vallesi, A., Barabási, A., Towlson, E. K., & Santarnecchi, E. (2022) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The number of cerebral areas commonly reported across studies on Depression (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialrTMS Therapy Reduces Hypofrontality in Patients With Depression as Measured by fNIRS
Kawabata, Y., Imazu, S.-I., Matsumoto, K., Toyoda, K., Kawano, M., Kubo, Y., Kinoshita, S., Nishizawa, Y., & Kanazawa, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814611 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Self-citationWhat Is the Role of Brain Stimulation Therapies in the Treatment of Depression?
Blumberger, D., Mulsant, B., & Daskalakis, Z. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0368-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Momi, D., Ozdemir, R., Tadayon, E., Boucher, P., Domenico, A. D., Fasolo, M., Shafi, M., Pascual-Leone, Á., & Santarnecchi, E. (2021) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282393 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In the last two decades transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been extensively tested for the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric disorders (Connolly et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPan, R., Ye, S.-F., Zhong, Y., Chen, Q., & Cai, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1197393 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“As the first-line intervention for MDD, drug treatment has been found to impact the efficacy of TMS or tDCS interventions (Connolly et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2021), but few studies have examined such influences on tACS interventions.”
BackgroundGonterman, F. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s388164 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“[3], Migraine [4], Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [5] and smoking cessation [6].”
BackgroundWang, Q., Huang, H., Li, D., Wang, Y.-T., Qi, N., Ci, Y., & Xu, T.-C. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103189 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression
Stern, A., & Cohen, D. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.12.75 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Energizing Healing with Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Rajalekshmi, R., & Agrawal, D. K. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine · doi:10.26502/josm.511500147 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wilke, S. A., Johnson, C. L., Corlier, J., Marder, K. G., Wilson, A. C., Pleman, C. M., & Leuchter, A. F. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23255 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Large, naturalistic studies support the clinical efficacy and safety of rTMS with concomitant psychotropic medications (Carpenter et al., 2012; Connolly et al., 2012; Dunner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe importance of individual beliefs in assessing treatment efficacy
Fassi, L., Hochman, S., Daskalakis, Z. J., Blumberger, D. M., & Kadosh, R. C. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.411850 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is a method for treating depression that has been approved by the FDA ( Connolly et al., 2012 ).”
MethodGiacobbe, P., Mithani, K., Meng, Y., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Daskalakis, Z., Downar, J., & Blumberger, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Poleszczyk, A., Rakowicz, M., Parnowski, T., Antczak, J., & Święcicki, Ł. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.084 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Khosravani, S., Palm, S. T., Drew, W., Frandsen, S. B., Lin, C., Tirrell, E., Hindley, L. E., Schineller, M. E., Garimella, A. H., Chiulli, N., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03153-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) is an FDA-cleared treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) [1], but outcomes vary across individuals.”
Imazu, S., Ikeda, S., Toi, Y., Sano, S., Kanazawa, T., Shinosaki, K., Tsukuda, B., Kita, A., Kuroda, K., & Takahashi, S. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104082 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous registry studies assessed depressive symptoms of subjects by self-reported scale or CGI (Carpenter et al., 2012; Connolly et al., 2012; Sackeim et al., 2020).”
InfluentialPhysical mechanisms of emerging neuromodulation modalities
Karatum, O., Han, M., Erdoğan, E. T., Karamürsel, S., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acd870 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“[191] Connolly K R, Helmer A, Cristancho M A, Cristancho P”
BackgroundZhang, L., Li, Q., Du, Y., Gao, Y., Bai, T., Ji, G., Tian, Y., & Wang, K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Black, R. D., & Rogers, L. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00012 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hinchman, C. A., Fried, P. J., Jannati, A., Press, D. Z., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Stern, A. P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A retrospective analysis of bipolar depression treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Goldwaser, E. L., Daddario, K., & Aaronson, S. T. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1805 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…group performed a retrospective review of twenty patients treated with TMS to the left DLPFC, (120% MT, 10 Hz) and found only a 35% response rate and 15% remission rate, however, had used clinical global impression (CGI) scores for their population psychometrics reported (Connolly et al., 2012).”
MethodLim, Y.-S., Kim, J. H., Kim, J., Hoang, M., Kang, W., Koh, M., Choi, W. H., Park, S., Jeong, U., Kim, D. H., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59436-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…treatments, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson ’ s disease 4 , transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for psychiatric disorders 5 , and epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for chronic pain management 6 , have achieved FDA approval and demonstrated statistically signi fi cant…”
Massé-Leblanc, C., Jodoin, V. D., Nguyen, D. K., Fournier-Gosselin, M., Stip, E., Lespérance, P., & Miron, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115685 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Feffer, K., Lapidus, K. A. B., Braw, Y., Bloch, Y., Kron, S., Netzer, R., & Nitzan, U. (2017) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
D’Ostilio, K., & Garraux, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00161 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The response rate is approximately 50% (Connolly et al., 2012) and has been reported to remain stable even after 6 months (Concerto et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBulteau, S., Laurin, A., Volteau, C., Dert, C., Lagalice, L., Schirr-Bonnans, S., Bukowski, N., Guitteny, M., Simons, L., Cabelguen, C., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04255-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“According to the literature, we hypothesized a rate of 30% maintained response at 1 year for arm A [23, 31, 49, 50] and arm B [23, 50–52], and 11% for arm C [53].”
BackgroundInfluentialGriffiths, C., O’Neill-Kerr, A., Millward, T., & da Silva, K. D. (2018) · International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2018.1562077 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The CGI remission rates of 52% and response rates of 51.1% were better than published data (Connolly et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBarbini, B., Attanasio, F., Manfredi, E., Cavallini, M., Zanardi, R., & Colombo, C. (2021) · International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1894579 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A newer technique to treat TRD is high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) It is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique approved in 2008 by FDA for treating TRD, showing response rates of 53.4% and remission rate of 31.5% (Connolly et al. 2012).”
MethodInfluentialThe efficacy of transcranial alternating current stimulation for treating post-stroke depression
Wang, H., Zhang, W., Zhao, W., Wang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Mao, P., Xue, Q., Leng, H., Ding, W., et al. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019671 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Since the Food and Drug Administration approved TMS for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in 2009,([20]) the increasing interest in the effect of new non-pharmaceutical therapy for depression has been reported.”
BackgroundVerma, R., Kumar, N., & Kumar, S. (2018) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_182_16 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“practice in about 100 patients, a response rate of 50% was seen which is similar to our finding.[7] Similarly, a multi-site”
ResultTranscranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice
Hardy, S., Bastick, L., O’Neill-Kerr, A., Sabesan, P., Lankappa, S., & Palaniyappan, L. (2016) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.115.015206 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“One study has shown that patients with bipolar depression respond less well than those with unipolar depression (Connolly 2012), but”
BackgroundAl-Ruhaili, I., al-Huseini, S., Al-kaabi, S., Mahadevan, S., Al-Sibani, N., Balushi, N. A., Islam, M. M., Jose, S., Mehr, G. K., & Al-Adawi, S. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091289 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For example, a study investigating the effectiveness of rTMS in clinical practise reported a response rate of 50% [50], which is higher than the present results or the previously significant set point for clinically significant effectiveness and acceptability [51].”
ResultDowling, N., Bonwick, R., Dharwadkar, N. P., & Ng, C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lucas, I., Balada, F., Blanco, E., & Aluja, A. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107146 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cristancho, P., Trapp, N., Siddiqi, S. H., Dixon, D., Miller, J. P., & Lenze, E. (2019) · Journal of ECT · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000500 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Besides, crossover to bilateral rTMS has been empirically used by clinicians.(8,9)”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Connolly, K. R., Helmer, A., Cristancho, M. A., Cristancho, P., & O’Reardon, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connolly, K. Ryan
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2012-04-15
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- e567-e573
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002540421
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, bipolar depression, treatment response and remission, TMS safety, adjunctive antidepressant therapy, electroconvulsive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Academic Medical Centers, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Electroshock, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Remission Induction, Retrospective Studies, United States, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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