The Predictive Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory Suicide Item
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The current study examines the predictive validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) suicide item for death by suicide and suicide attempts. METHOD: The study included 2 samples: (1) 5,200 psychiatric outpatients who were evaluated between 1975 and 1995 and followed prospectively for up to 20 years (all psychiatric diagnoses based on DSM-III and DSM-III-R), and (2) 119 patients who, between 2000 and 2004, participated in a randomized controlled trial of outpatient Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention after a suicide attempt and were followed for 18 months (all psychiatric diagnoses based on DSM-IV-TR). All patients completed structured diagnostic interviews, as well as the BDI and Scale for Suicide Ideation. RESULTS: Cox regression models demonstrated that the BDI suicide item significantly predicted both deaths by suicide (Wald χ(2)1 = 35.67; P < .001 [N = 5,200]) and repeat suicide attempts (Wald χ(2)1 = 8.82; P < .01 [N = 119]), with each successive rating on the item conferring greater risk. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, optimal cutoff scores of 1 and above for suicide and 2 and above for suicide attempts were identified as providing the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The BDI suicide item is associated with both risk of repeat suicide attempts and death by suicide. The use of the item as a brief, efficient screen for suicide risk in routine clinical care is recommended. Clinicians would then conduct a comprehensive suicide risk assessment in response to a positive screen. Future research examining the item's performance in other at-risk groups (ie, older adults, adolescents, inpatients, etc) is encouraged.
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The BDI-II item 9 has been considered an efficient screening tool for suicide risk in clinical settings.
“A single item assesses suicide ideation (item no. 9) and has been considered an efficient screening tool for suicide risk in clinical settings [27].”
From High depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Green, K. L., Brown, G. K., Jager-Hyman, S., Cha, J., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2015-12-23
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1683-1686
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2230776822
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 12.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH083745, R37 MH 47383, R01MH067805, T32MH082745, R37MH047383)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- Beck Depression Inventory, predictive validity, suicide risk screening, suicide attempts, suicide risk assessment, psychiatric outpatients, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Reproducibility of Results, Proportional Hazards Models, Young Adult
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