Associations of Leisure-Time and Occupational Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Incident and Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Symptoms, and Incident Anxiety in a General Population
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness may help prevent depression and anxiety. Previous studies have been limited by error-prone measurements. We examined whether self-reported physical activity domains and peak exercise capacity (peakVO₂) are associated with incident and recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), depressive symptoms, and anxiety disorders. METHODS: This was a prospective population-based study of 1,080 adult men and women (25-83 years) with a median follow-up of 4.5 years and measures of physical activity during leisure time, sports, and work (Baecke questionnaire); a measure of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II); symptom-limited cycle ergometer testing (peakVO₂, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold [VO₂@AT], maximum power output at peak exertion); and a structured psychiatric interview (Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview). Baseline data were collected between 2002 and 2006, and follow-up data, between 2007 and 2010. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and waist circumference, the relative risks for incident MDD per standard deviation (SD) increase in leisure-time physical activity, physical activity during sport, physical activity at work, peakVO₂, VO₂@AT, and maximum power output were 1.002 (95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.12), 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15), 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10), 0.71 (0.52 to 0.98), 0.83 (0.66 to 1.04), and 0.71 (0.52 to 0.96), respectively. PeakVO₂, VO₂@AT, and maximum power output were associated with recurrent MDD, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. PeakVO₂ was more strongly related to the co-occurrence of MDD and anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.45 [0.24 to 0.84]) than depression or anxiety alone (OR = 0.71 [0.53 to 0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Greater cardiorespiratory fitness but not domain-specific physical activity was associated with a lower incidence of MDD and clinical anxiety.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several studies of the general population have found that people who engage in more physical activity have a reduced risk of being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and less frequent and severe anxiety symptoms.
“Several studies of the general population have found that people who engage in more PA have a reduced risk of being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and less frequent and severe anxiety symptoms [47–52].”
From Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
People who are more physically active may be less likely to have anxiety disorders.
“Recent epidemiological data further suggests that people who are more active may be less likely to have anxiety disorders.”
From Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physical Activity and Incident Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Silva, E. S., Hallgren, M., Ponce De Leon, A., Dunn, A. L., Deslandes, A. C., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Meyer, J., Heissel, A., Zech, P., Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Deenik, J., Firth, J., Ward, P. B., et al. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22915 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
“In total, 14 cohorts of 13 unique prospective studies were included in this review (Baumeister et al., 2017; Beard, Heathcote, Brooks, Earnest, & Kelly, 2007; Cynthia et al., 2011; Da Silva et al., 2012; Jonsdottir, Rodjer, Hadzibajramovic, Borjesson, & Ahlborg, 2010; Kang et al., 2015; McDowell et…”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
McDowell, C. P., Dishman, R. K., Gordon, B. R., & Herring, M. P. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.05.012 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety
Kandola, A., Vancampfort, D., Herring, M., Rebar, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., & Stubbs, B. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0923-x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Stubbs, B., Osborn, D. P. J., & Hayes, J. F. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.088 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Dishman, R. K., McDowell, C. P., & Herring, M. P. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103140 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Kandola, A., & Stubbs, B. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_23 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Kandola, A. A., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01782-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neumann, R. J., Ahrens, K. F., Kollmann, B., Goldbach, N., Chmitorz, A., Weichert, D., Fiebach, C. J., Wessa, M., Kalisch, R., Lieb, K., et al. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01338-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Croatto, G., Vancampfort, D., Miola, A., Olivola, M., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Firth, J., Alexinschi, O., Gaina, M. A., Makkai, V., Soares, F. C., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01770-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Exercise, on the other hand, was moderately efficacious in ameliorating cardiorespiratory fitness in people with depression, which is associated with risk for cardiovascular and all-cause premature mortality in the general population [34], with mental and PHQoL among people with BD [35], with risk of developing depres…”
BackgroundThe role of physical activity in the link between menopausal status and mental well-being
Bondarev, D., Sipilä, S., Finni, T. J., Kujala, U. M., Aukee, P., Laakkonen, E. K., Kovanen, V., & Kokko, K. (2020) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001490 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Shigdel, R., Stubbs, B., Sui, X., & Ernstsen, L. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“two studies have examined the association of CRF with anxiety (Baumeister et al., 2017; Loprinzi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultSvensson, M., Brundin, L., Erhardt, S., Hållmarker, U., James, S. K., & Deierborg, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.714014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Yan, X., Zeng, D., Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y., Wu, Y., Tang, H., & Li, D. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s251152 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS DURING A PANDEMIC
Mendes, T. B., de Souza, K. C., França, C. N., Rossi, F. E., Santos, R. P. G., Duailibi, K., Tuleta, I., Armond, J. D. E., Stubbs, B., & Neves, L. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0059 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“8,11,12 15-18 In fact, two crucial meta-analyses showed that established depression or at least depression symptoms affect 27.2% of MS worldwide 18 and 51.5% of MS demonstrate poor sleep quality.”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical activity for the treatment and prevention of depression: a rapid review of meta-analyses
Imboden, C., Claussen, M., Seifritz, E., & Gerber, M. (2021) · German Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5960/dzsm.2021.499 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tacchi, M. J., Heggelund, J., & Scott, J. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12783 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Four studies reported several mental outcomes including mood, anxiety, psychotic, and other disorders (Baumeister et al., 2017; Gubata et al., 2013; Nyberg et al., 2018; Taanila et al., 2011); two studies report mood disorder outcomes (Aberg et al., 2012; Ruggero et al., 2015); one study focused on…”
BackgroundHallgren, M. Å., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Herring, M. P., McDowell, C. P., Gordon, B. R., Stubbs, B., Bellocco, R., & Lagerros, Y. T. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.03.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aparicio, V. A., Marín‐Jiménez, N., Coll‐Risco, I., Flor‐Alemany, M., Baena‐García, L., Acosta‐Manzano, P., & Aranda, P. (2019) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001384 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Cerebral μ-Opioid Receptor Activation in Healthy Humans
Saanijoki, T., Kantonen, T., Pekkarinen, L., Kalliokoski, K. K., Hirvonen, J., Malén, T., Tuominen, L. J., Tuulari, J. J., Arponen, E., Nuutila, P., et al. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002895 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“are linked with better cognitive functioning (1), lower levels of anxiety and depression (2), and reduced risk for neurodegenerative disease (3).”
BackgroundRango, P. D. (2015) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.09.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Porras‐Segovia, A., Rivera, M., Molina, E., Lopez-Chavez, D., Gutiérrez, B., & Cervilla, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.050 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The association between cardio-respiratory fitness and incident depression: The Maastricht Study
Gianfredi, V., Koster, A., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Odone, A., Amerio, A., Signorelli, C., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Wesselius, A., Köhler, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.090 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dun, Y., Ripley-Gonzalez, J. W., Zhou, N., Li, Q., Chen, M., Hu, Z., Zhang, W., Thomas, R. J., Olson, T. P., Liu, J., et al. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11091 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 2019) as well as having a positive relationship with mental health in multiple populations (Baumeister et al., 2017; Cho et al., 2019; Kerling et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKonopka, M. J., Köhler, S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schaper, N. C., Henry, R. M. A., Kallen, C., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Dagniele, P. C., DONGEN, M. C. J. M. V., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004924 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In comparison, men might be more active during work-time, which has been associated with an increased risk of incident depressive symptoms (Baumeister et al., 2017; McKercher et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMaurus, I., Röll, L., Keeser, D., Karali, T., Papazov, B., Hasan, A., Schmitt, A., Papazova, I., Lembeck, M., Hirjak, D., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00269-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effects of physical activity on depression and quality of life in Chinese perimenopausal women
Liu, X.-Y., Peng, S., Pei, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.061 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Crombie, K. M., & O’Connor, P. J. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_498 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Qie, R., Huang, H., Sun, P., Wu, J., Ba, Y., Zhou, G., Yu, F., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.091 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Finger, J. D., Banzer, W. E., Baumeister, S. E., Brandes, M., Bös, K., Gabrys, L., Gößwald, A., Härtel, S., Kluttig, A., Kuhnert, R., et al. (2019) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1026-6220 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationVillada, F. A. P., Serna, V. H. A., Vélez, E. F. A., Restrepo, S. B., & Arango-Paternina, C. M. (2019) · Educación Física y Deporte · doi:10.17533/udea.efyd.v38n2a02 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Park, J. H., Lim, N.-K., & Park, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1176879 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This association was not significant in German (11) and Norwegian cohorts (12), but it was significant in a Mexican cohort (13).”
Backgroundde Oliveira, V. N., Viana, R. B., Morais, N. S., Costa, G. D. C. T., Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., & de Lira, C. A. B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010957 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Denche-Zamorano, Á. M., Mendoza-Muñoz, D. M., Pastor-Cisneros, R., Adsuar, J. C., Carlos‐Vivas, J., Franco-García, J. M., Pérez‐Gómez, J., & Mendoza-Muñoz, M. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081403 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Havnen, A., Zotcheva, E., Bjerkeset, O. A., Sui, X., & Ernstsen, L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.029 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oviedo‐Caro, M. Á., Mayolas-Pi, C., López‐Laval, I., Masià, J. R., Munguía‐Izquierdo, D., Bueno‐Antequera, J., Correas, R. G., Costa, S. L., & Legaz‐Arrese, A. (2020) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2020.1731689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“activity to psychosocial health compared with inactivity (Baumeister et al., 2017; Pucci, Rech, Fermino, & Reis, 2012).”
BackgroundCarlsen, T., Stensvold, D., Wisløff, U., Ernstsen, L., & Halvorsen, T. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03262-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Previous studies have found an inverse relationship between CRF and risk of common mental health disorders, with greater risk among those with low and medium CRF compared to those with high CRF [22, 32, 33].”
BackgroundKhoubaeva, D., Popel, N., Omrin, D. S., Roane, J. L., Timmins, V. H., Michalak, E. E., Kcomt, A., Armel, T., Jordan, S. A., Shickh, R., et al. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100485 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Goñi, V. D., López-Gil, J. F., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, E., Visier‐Alfonso, M. E., Jiménez‐López, E., Sequí‐Domínguez, I., Ortega, F. B., Castro‐Piñero, J., Mesas, A. E., Sánchez-López, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00599-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Samełko, A., Woycikiewicz, M. D. B., & Mouloud, K. (2023) · Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research · doi:10.2478/pcssr-2023-0001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Šilić, P., Jeng, B., Jones, C. D., Huynh, T. L. T., Duffecy, J. L., & Motl, R. W. (2023) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100541 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaerts, M., de Vlam, K., Lories, R. J. U., Neerinckx, B., & Swinnen, T. W. (2025) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2025-006110 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Thijs Willem Swinnen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-1023”
Cardiorespiratory fitness, grip strength and depression symptoms: A Mendelian Randomization study
Vincent, J., Pereira, S. M. P., Maddock, J., Williams, D. M., Hamer, M., Roiser, J. P., & Taylor, A. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121437 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Borrell, L. R., Venezia, A. C., & Smith, J. C. (2025) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-025-02952-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…prescribed antidepressants supports the conclusion that CRF is associated with fewer concurrent and incident depressive symptoms (Åberg et al. 2012; Baumeister et al. 2017; Papasavvas et al. 2016; Schuch et al. 2016a, b; Sui et al. 2009), making it a measurable target that can be used in the…”
Legey, S., Filho, A. S. S., Yadollahpour, A., García‐García, F., Imperatori, C., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Nardi, A. E., Lima, J. L., & Machado, S. E. D. C. (2022) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/17450179-v18-e2208151 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of a bout of exercise on mood in people with depression with and without physical pain
Caviness, C. M., Abrantes, A. M., O’Keeffe, J. B., Legasse, A. J., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2141276 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The relationship between physical activity towards anxiety and stress levels among college students
Saputri, D. M., Artini, I. G. A., Kinandana, G. P., et al. (2023) · Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia · doi:10.51559/ptji.v4i2.146 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Psychological Effects of Exercise in Hemodialysis Patients
Hornik, B., Duława, J., & Durmała, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211952 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuropsychological effects of physical activity in people with depression
Chagas, M. C. R., & dos Santos, M. G. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Medical Research · doi:10.53346/wjapmr.2024.6.1.0022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oviedo‐Caro, M. Á., Mayolas-Pi, C., Bueno‐Antequera, J., París-García, F., Fuentes, A. M., Masià, J. R., Munguía‐Izquierdo, D., & Legaz‐Arrese, A. (2021) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2020.1871349
“…Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group A dose-response relationship between physical activity and exercise and adults’ physical and psychosocial health has been established in the literature (Baumeister et al., 2017; Kim & Baggish, 2016).”
BackgroundCanton, A. P. (2021) · doi:10.31274/etd-20210609-140
“…fitness and high muscular strength are known to be protective against both depression and high arterial stiffness (Gianfredi et al., 2020; Baumeister et al., 2017; Volaklis et al., 2019; Sasaki et al., 2007; McDowell et al., 2018; Kandola et al., 2020; Fahs et al. 2010; Gando et al.…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHerbsleb, M. (2021) · Der Schmerzpatient · doi:10.1055/a-1551-6783
“…kardiorespira-torischer Fitness ein erhöhtes Risiko haben, eine Depression zu entwickeln und dass die kardiorespiratorische Fitness umgekehrt mit der Schwere der Symptome assozi-iert ist; die zugrunde liegenden potentiellen pathophy-siologischen Mechanismen sind nicht vollständig geklärt [44 – 46].”
Li, B., Zheng, Y., Peng, K., Guo, Q., Ji, R., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Ren, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3798595/v1
RELACIÓN DE DEPRESIÓN, TEJIDO MUSCULAR Y ADIPOSO EN UNIVERSITARIOS SEDENTARIOS Y DEPORTISTAS
Vargas, A. E. O., López, G. I. G., & Reyes, U. A. (2024) · REVISTA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA DEPORTE Y SALUD · doi:10.15648/redfids.13.2024.4060
An, R., Wu, Y., Liu, X., Qi, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Guo, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4899132/v1
Age and Physical Activity Modulate the Spatial Mapping of Time-Related Words
Malyshevskaya, A., Fischer, M. H., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., & Myachykov, A. (2026) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.514
Krell‐Roesch, J., Syrjanen, J. A., Kremers, W. K., Barisch‐Fritz, B., Krafft, J., Johnson, D., Fields, J. A., Petersen, R. C., Wöll, A., Vassilaki, M. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240255
Zhao, Z., Fu, J., Ning, Y., & Yu, W. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2573392
Carlsen, T., Stensvold, D., Wisløff, U., Ernstsen, L., & Halvorsen, T. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20307640
Kandola, A. A., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13219418
Silveira, É. A., Canheta, A. B. D. S., Simão, V. C., Rezende, A. T. D. O., Santos, A. S. E. A. D. C., & de Oliveira, C. M. (2026) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060261449373
Liu, J., Li, Y., Song, L., He, M., Liu, J., Lin, Y., Ma, J., Yang, H., Sun, T., & Li, J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353689
The Effects of Sport on Psychological Health
Akbaş, E. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9430-5.ch006
Stănculete, M. F., Căpățînă, O., & Chihaia, C.-A. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62081530
“Prospective cohort studies have likewise reported different patterns for recreational and occupational activity in relation to incident anxiety and related symptoms [22,23].”
- Authors
- Baumeister, S. E., Leitzmann, M. F., Bahls, M., Dörr, M., Schmid, D., Schomerus, G., Appel, K., Markus, M. R. P., Völzke, H., Gläser, S., & Grabe, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2017-01-25
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 01
- Pages
- e41-e47
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2582238443
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, peak exercise capacity, leisure-time physical activity, occupational physical activity, sports participation, depression recurrence, comorbid depression and anxiety, Baecke questionnaire, cycle ergometry, peak power, depression prevention, general adult population
- MeSH terms
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Health Surveys, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Statistics as Topic, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Incidence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
