Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study

May combine two claims.

Most studies on hardiness have focused on physical health, and the study by Jung and Lee [13] is the only study that examined hardiness in relation to parenting attitudes.

“However, most studies on hardiness have focused on physical health, and the study by Jung and Lee [13] is the only study that examined hardiness in relation to parenting attitudes.”

• cites [13] sourceDisputed

  Jung and Lee do examine hardiness in relation to parenting attitudes, but their Conclusions (p. 211) explicitly describe a prior study of hardiness mediating the relationship between parenting attitudes and children’s mental health. Their References also list an earlier study on parenting attitudes and hardiness, contradicting the claim that theirs was the only such study. The cited passages do not establish that most hardiness studies focused on physical health. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria.

“This study was reported in compliance with the STROBE criteria [16].”

• cites [16] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Studies investigating parenting stress in NKRs have primarily focused on its association with parenting efficacy, acculturative stress, parenting behaviors, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas few studies have identified predictors of parenting stress.

“Studies investigating parenting stress in NKRs have primarily focused on its association with parenting efficacy, acculturative stress [2,3], parenting behaviors, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [2], whereas few studies have identified predictors of parenting stress.”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [3] sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A few studies have identified spousal support and social support as predictors of parenting stress in immigrant women in Korea, and marital conflict and social support as predictors in women with career interruption.

“A few studies have investigated predictors of parenting stress and have identified spousal support and social support as predictors in immigrant women in Korea [15] and marital conflict and social support as predictors in women with career interruption [4].”

• cites [15] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Refugees, including NKRs, experience increased psychological and emotional stress in parenting, as they must parent their children without preparation in a situation where they have yet to adjust to a new society.

“Refugees, including NKRs, experience increased psychological and emotional stress in parenting, as they must parent their children without preparation in a situation where they have yet to adjust to a new society.”

• cites [3] sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says that lack of adaptation, prior knowledge, and preparation in mothers may increase psycho-emotional parenting stress. It also describes North Korean refugee mothers raising children while adjusting to a different culture. The claim states this as a general experience of refugees, including NKRs, rather than the more qualified point the paper makes about mothers. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hardiness entails a buffering effect of alleviating the negative impact of stress; individuals with high hardiness tend to actively engage in and commit themselves to daily activities, believing they can adjust to or control their experiences while viewing change as a challenge.

“Hardiness entails a buffering effect of alleviating the negative impact of stress. Individuals with high levels of hardiness tends to actively engage in and commit themselves to daily activities, with the belief that they can adjust to or control their experiences while viewing change as a challenge [13].”

• cites [13] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

This outcome is in line with Lee and Jeon [3] in the high score of parental distress as a subcategory, although slight variations were observed in the mean total score (2.70), parental distress (2.97), and child-related stress (2.49).

“This outcome is in line with Lee and Jeon [3] in the high score of parental distress as a subcategory, although we observed slight variations in the mean total score (2.70), parental distress (2.97), and child-related stress (2.49).”

• cites Lee and Jeon [3] sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Parent-child interactions are the main factor influencing parenting stress; there is both a child-related factor and social support as an environmental factor.

“According to Yim [4], parent-child interactions are the main factor influencing parenting stress; specifically, there is both a child-related factor and social support as an environmental factor.”

• cites [4] sourcePartly supported

  The study identifies child interaction and social support as factors associated with parenting stress among career-interrupted women; the Introduction (p. 2) treats them as a child-related and an environmental factor, respectively. But the Results and Discussion (pp. 6–7) identify marital conflict—not parent-child interaction—as the strongest factor. The claim omits that factor and overstates the ranking of parent-child interaction. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Past studies have found evidence of an association between maternal depression, widespread problems among children, children externalizing and internalizing problems, social support, maternal educational level and maternal parenting stress.

“Amid a growing need for educational support and social support systems to mitigate the negative impact of parenting stress among NKR parents, past studies have found evidence of an association between maternal depression, widespread problems among children, children externalizing and internalizing problems, social support, maternal educational level and maternal parenting stress [6].”

• cites [6] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The social support level was slightly greater than the 2.75 reported for immigrant wives in rural regions and slightly lower than the 3.12 reported for NKR women.

“corresponding to a slightly greater level than the 2.75 reported for immigrant wives in rural regions [15] and a slightly lower level than that of 3.12 reported for NKR women [10].”

• cites [15] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [10] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parenting stress could arise as a side effect of efforts to adapt to one's roles and responsibilities as a parent.

“Parenting stress could arise as a side effect of efforts to adapt to one's roles and responsibilities as a parent [27]”

• cites [27] sourceCould not verify

  The available Korean abstract on the KCI paper-detail page discusses parenting stress in mother–child interactions and its relationship with parental-role efficacy and warm parenting behavior. It does not say that stress arises from efforts to adapt to parental roles or responsibilities; searches for that explanation in English and Korean returned no further passage. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The scores for hardiness and parenting stress were lower than those reported in a different study that used an instrument with the same reliability.

“Moreover, the scores for our major study parameters—namely, hardiness and parenting stress—were lower than those reported in a different study that used an instrument with the same reliability [3].”

• cites [3] sourcePartly supported

  The Results report a parenting-stress score of 2.70 on a five-point scale, and the Discussion compares it with 2.73 in another study. The paper does not report hardiness, and the Discussion explicitly says the same tool was not used; it does not establish equal instrument reliability. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The finding that the number of supporters in a social network affects parenting stress is in line with previous findings that mothers' parenting stress declines with increasing psychological and physical support.

“However, our finding that the number of supporters in a social network affects parenting stress is in line with previous findings that mothers' parenting stress declines with increasing psychological and physical support, which allows mothers to express and share their parenting difficulties [6].”

• cites [6] sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Factors associated with parenting stress, Mothers; page not provided) report that a higher amount of social support was associated with lower parenting stress in mothers, supporting the central comparison. The cited paper does not distinguish psychological from physical support or say that expressing and sharing parenting difficulties explains the association. The number of supporters is presented as the citing authors’ own finding, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A previous study [28] reported positive interactions with children following an increase in social support.

“a previous study [28] reported positive interactions with children following an increase in social support.”

• cites [28] sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.2.3 (p. 5) reports a significant positive correlation between social support and mother–toddler interaction (r=.499, p<.001). But the study is described as a survey on p. 1; it does not show that interactions became more positive following an increase in social support. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Among the participants, the mean parental distress score was 27.91±3.70 (3.10±0.41 on a 5-point scale) and the mean child-related stress score was 23.93±4.27 (2.66±0.47 on a 5-point scale).

“27.91±3.70 points (3.10±0.41 points on a 5-point scale) for parental distress, and 23.93±4.27 points (2.66±0.47 points on a 5-point scale) for child-related stress”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Among the 123 North Korean refugee mothers, the mean hardiness score was 69.42±6.40 out of 135.

“The mean scores were 69.42 out of 135 for hardiness”

• Also stated in: § 2. Levels of Hardiness, Parent-Child Interaction, Social Support, and Parenting Stress · plain

  “The mean total score of hardiness was 69.42±6.40 out of 135 points.”

May combine two claims.

Among the participants, the hardiness subcategory with the highest mean score was commitment (24.45±4.14), followed by control (23.63±3.96) and challenge (21.34±3.11).

“The subcategory with the highest mean score was commitment (24.45±4.14 points), followed in descending order by control (23.63±3.96 points) and challenge (21.34±3.11 points).”

May combine two claims.

52.8% of participants received help from a religious or social group, followed by an acquaintance from North Korea at 42.3%.

“The question about whether a certain person or group supported the participants elicited the most responses: 52.8% received help from a religious or social group, followed by an acquaintance from North Korea at 42.3%”

May combine two claims.

In this study, the mean total parent-child interaction score was 2.02, with mean scores of 1.63 for EAF and 2.29 for positive PDB.

“In this study, the mean total score was 2.02, and the mean scores of EAF and positive PDB were 1.63 and 2.29.”

May combine two claims.

The total score of parenting stress was 2.96, with mean scores of 3.10 for parental distress and 2.66 for child-related stress, indicating a greater level of stress for parental distress.

“The total score of parenting stress was 2.96, with mean scores of 3.10 for parental distress and 2.66 for child-related stress, indicating a greater level of stress for parental distress.”

May combine two claims.

NKR mothers' psychological hardiness score was lower (1.54 on a 4-point Likert scale), and the difference according to education level was not significant.

“the psychological hardiness in NKR mothers exhibited a lower score (1.54 on a 4-point Liker scale), and the difference according to education level was not significant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

107 (87.0%) participants had two or more supporters or supportive groups, and 16 (13.0%) had none.

“While 107 (87.0%) stated that they had two or more such supporters or supportive groups, 16 (13.0%) stated that they had none.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most frequent source of support reported by participants was a religious or social group (n=65; 52.8%).

“The most frequent response to the question of whether participants had anyone or a group that would support them was a religious or social group (n=65; 52.8%)”

May combine two claims.

87.0% of participants had two or more supporters or supportive groups, while 13.0% had none.

“As for the question regarding the number of supporters or supportive groups, 87.0% of participants said they had two or more supporters or supportive groups. However, 13.0% replied that they had none.”

• Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain

  “Among the participants, 13% stated that they had no supporters at all.”

May combine two claims.

Hardiness showed a mean total score of 69.42, with mean scores of 24.45 for commitment, 23.63 for control, and 21.34 for challenge.

“Hardiness showed a mean total score of 69.42, with mean scores of 24.45 for commitment, 23.63 for control, and 21.34 for challenge, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

Parent-child interactions were negatively correlated with the number of supporters, indicating that a lower number of supporters was associated with more positive parent-child interactions.

“Parent-child interactions were negatively correlated with the number of supporters, indicating that a lower number of supporters was associated with more positive parentchild interactions.”

May combine two claims.

As the level of hardiness increased, the number of supporters rose and the level of parenting stress declined.

“Analyzing the correlations among the main variables in this study showed that, as the level of hardiness increased, the number of supporters rose and the level of parenting stress declined.”

May combine two claims.

Multiple regression analysis revealed that the explanatory power for the effects of hardiness and having four or more supporters on parenting stress was approximately 19%, and the factors with a fairly strong influence on parenting stress were hardiness and the number of supporters.

“We performed multiple regression analysis to identify the factors influencing parenting stress in NKR mothers; the results revealed that the explanatory power for the effects of hardiness and having four or more supporters on parenting stress was approximately 19%, while the factors with a fairly strong influence on parenting stress were hardiness and the number of supporters.”

• Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain

  “For NKR mothers, hardiness and the number of supporters in a social network exhibited an explanatory power of approximately for parenting stress.”

May combine two claims.

The regression analysis satisfied basic assumptions: residual autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson=1.744), residual normality and linearity, homogeneity of residuals, and no multicollinearity (tolerance .434-.903; VIF 1.108-2.303).

“To test the basic assumptions of regression analysis, we checked the residual autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson statistic=1.744), residual normality and linearity (normality P_P plot and histogram), and the homogeneity of residuals (scatter plot). In addition, the tolerance in checking the multicollinearity of errors for the model in this study was below 1.0 (range, .434-.903), and the variance infl”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mother-child interactions have substantial effects on the child's growth, including physical development, as well as cognitive, linguistic, social, and emotional abilities.

“Notably, mother-child interactions have substantial effects on the child's growth, including physical development, as well as cognitive, linguistic, social, and emotional abilities [5].”

• cites [5] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Social support could be a critical factor influencing the mother's parenting stress, as it can reduce the level of parenting stress and serve a protective role by creating a physical and psychological support system through which mothers can express themselves and share the difficulties of parenting.

“Social support could be a critical factor influencing the mother's parenting stress, as it can reduce the level of parenting stress and serve a protective role by creating a physical and psychological support system through which mothers can express themselves and share the difficulties of parenting [9].”

• cites [9] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Because the perceived level of stress could vary according to the individual's personality or perceptions, as well as a specific event or the child's characteristics, the mother's characteristics exerted the largest impact on parenting stress.

“The results indicate that because the perceived level of stress could vary according to the individual's personality or perceptions, as well as a specific event or the child's characteristics, the mother's characteristics exerted the largest impact on parenting stress.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cronbach's alpha for the hardiness scale in this study was .63.

“Cronbach's ⍺ was .69 according to Cho [18] and .63 in this study.”

May combine two claims.

In Lee et al. [14], support from social organizations, including government institutions, was insignificant regarding parenting, instead frequently being a mere formality.

“in the study of Lee et al. [14], support from social organizations, including government institutions, was insignificant regarding parenting, instead frequently being a mere formality.”

• cites Lee et al. [14] Lee, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An earlier study [2] showed that NKR mothers most frequently engaged in rejecting, restricting parenting behaviors, such as negative evaluation or criticism of the child, expression of negative emotions, hostile discipline, and ignoring, as opposed to warm, accepting parenting behaviors.

“An earlier study [2] also showed that NKR mothers most frequently engaged in”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a previous study [21] on parent-child interactions involving mothers with young children, the mean score of EAF was 1.56 and that of positive PDB was 3.14.

“In a previous study [21] on parent-child interactions involving mothers with young children, the mean score of EAF was 1.56, and that of positive PDB was 3.14.”

• cites [21] Han, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cronbach's alpha for the parenting stress scale in this study was .63 overall, .60 for parental distress, and .61 for child-related stress.

“In our study, these values were .63, .60, and .61, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Support from others or family could contribute to fostering psychological hardiness in individuals under stress.

“Kobasa et al. [11] reported that psychological hardiness is observed among people who receive encouragement from people around them and people who have actually turned crisis into opportunity, based on which they asserted that support from others or family could contribute to fostering psychological hardiness in individuals under stress.”

• cites [11] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data were obtained from 123 mothers after excluding 7 subjects whose responses were below the expected quality.

“Ultimately, we obtained data from 123 mothers, excluding 7 subjects whose responses were below the expected quality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Woo [12], using the same tool, the mean hardiness score was 2.01 on a 4-point Likert scale, and higher hardiness was associated with higher levels of education.

“In a study by Woo [12], applying the same tool, the mean score on the 4-point Likert scale was 2.01, with higher scores of hardiness associated with higher levels of education”

• cites Woo [12] Woo, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The discrepancy may be explained by most participants being single parents facing economic and emotional hardship, required to earn a living and care for their families while assuming the burden of a challenging role and responsibility as heads of their household.

“In addition, this discrepancy may be explained by the fact that most participants in the present study were single parents facing economic and emotional hardship, as they were required to earn a living and care for their families while assuming the burden of a challenging role and responsibility as the heads of their household.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The current parenting environment for NKR families is at a high-risk level due to husbands' domestic violence, mothers' emotional disorders and language and communication barriers, and families' financial hardship.

“The Korea Institute of Child Care and Education reported in their study on parenting in NKR families that the current parenting environment is at a high-risk level due to husbands' domestic violence, mothers' emotional disorders and language and communication barriers, and families' financial hardship [14].”

• cites [14] Lee, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

For a mother, becoming psychologically hardy means that she develops healthy internal resources for relieving her stress and facilitating the recovery of her children from trauma.

“For a mother, becoming psychologically hardy means that she develops healthy internal resources for relieving her stress and facilitating the recovery of her children from trauma.”

May combine two claims.

Compared to other mothers, NKR mothers have highly limited social resources, implying that the quality of their parenting will improve if they have a close source of support for parenting.

“Compared to other mothers, NKR mothers have highly limited social resources, implying that the quality of their parenting will improve if they have a close source of support for parenting.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If a mother has a high level of psychological hardiness, she has a healthy internal resource to alleviate stress and care for her child.

“If a mother has a high level of psychological hardiness, she has a healthy internal resource to alleviate stress and care for her child.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sample size was calculated using G*Power 3.1.7; 98 participants were required for regression with six predictors, an effect size of .15, a power of .80, and a significance level of .05, and 118 were required considering a 20% dropout rate.

“We calculated the number of participants using G*Power 3.1.7 and the required number of participants for regression analysis was 98 with six predictors, an effect size of .15, a power of .80, and a significance level of .05. Considering a dropout rate of roughly 20%, 118 participants were required.”

May combine two claims.

Cronbach's alpha for the parent-child interaction scale in this study was .96 overall, .96 for positive PDB, and .93 for EAF.

“In this study, Cronbach's ⍺ was .96 overall, .96 for positive PDB, and .93 for EAF.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current analysis of social networks suggests that NKRs have considerably small networks, consisting of 2 to 3 individuals to whom they can talk or from whom they can request help when not feeling well.

“As part of the integrated social survey administered to NKRs each year, the current analysis of social networks suggests that NKRs have considerably small networks, consisting of 2 to 3 individuals to whom they can talk or from whom they can request help when not feeling well.”

• cites [26] 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hannam University (No. 21-02-03-0913) and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

“This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hannam University (No. 21-02-03-0913). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NKRs primarily receive help from fellow North Korean acquaintances.

“Further, NKRs primarily receive help from fellow North Korean acquaintances [26].”

• cites [26] 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

NKR mothers perceive the importance and value of parenting and wish to remain confident in parenting and be in control, but they lack the determination to address new changes actively.

“This suggests that NKR mothers do perceive the importance and value of their work—parenting — and wish to remain confident in parenting and be in control, but they lack the determination to address new changes actively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cronbach's alpha for the social support scale in this study was .85.

“Cronbach's ⍺ for all questions was .88 in the original scale, .91 in Kim [23], and .85 in this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The parenting stress scale was modified for NKR understanding by consulting two nursing professors, one psychiatrist, and a nurse at Hanawon.

“We modified the content of the scale using language that NKRs could understand by consulting two nursing professors, one psychiatrist and a nurse at Hanawon, a South Korean settlement support center for the re-education of NKRs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Psychological hardiness contributes substantially to helping one's child(ren) lead happier, healthier lives.

“Researchers have shown that psychological hardiness contributes substantially to helping one's child(ren) lead happier, healthier lives, as it enables parents to control themselves, focus, and constantly push forward based on faith and conviction in their lives, even in stressful situations such as psychological pain or difficulty arising in an external environment.”

• cites [11] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The difference in parent-child interaction scores may be because previous studies limited children to early childhood, whereas this study included all parents of children under the age of 20.

“This difference in score can also be interpreted in relation to the general characteristics of the subjects, since the age of children was limited to early childhood in previous studies, whereas this study included all parents of children under the age of 20.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The lower hardiness score may be due to the particular circumstance that the participants were female North Korean refugees.

“This may be due to a particular circumstance in which the participants were female NKRs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Healthy parenting by NKR mothers will promote the positive growth and development of their children and make it more likely that all family members lead healthy, high-quality lives in South Korean society.

“Healthy parenting by NKR mothers will not only promote the positive growth and development of their children but also make it more likely that all family members lead healthy, high-quality lives in South Korean society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible that other factors served as a mediator or interacted with parent-child interactions and social support, considering that the study populations did not share the same socioeconomic characteristics as North Korean defectors or have children with comparable ages.

“it is possible that other factors served as a mediator or interacted with these factors, considering that the study populations did not share the same socioeconomic characteristics-as North Korean defectors or have children with comparable ages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studies on the mothers of premature babies [29] and the mothers of children with special needs [30] lend support to the finding that psychological hardiness is a critical factor in parenting.

“Studies on the mothers of premature babies [29] and the mothers of children with special needs [30] lend support to the finding that psychological hardiness is a critical factor in parenting.”

• cites [29] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [30] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The decrease in parenting stress with greater number of supporters may be interpreted as one's social network and the associated practical support having a significant effect on reducing parenting stress, as positive emotions were induced in NKR mothers.

“which may be interpreted as one's social network and the associated practical support having a significant effect on reducing parenting stress, as positive emotions were induced in NKR mothers.”

May combine two claims.

These results collectively imply that for NKR mothers, psychological hardiness and the number of supporters one has (as part of a social network) are significant for parenting.

“These results collectively imply that for NKR mothers, psychological hardiness and the number of supporters one has (as part of a social network) are significant for parenting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The negative correlation between parent-child interactions and number of supporters may have been because negative interactions with the child could lead the parent to seek support from others to improve the relationship with the child, or because of the reduced level of challenges in parenting as interactions with the child increase.

“This may have been because negative interactions with the child could lead the parent to seek support from others to improve the relationship with the child, or it could be due to the reduced level of challenges in parenting as interactions with the child increase.”

May combine two claims.

NKR mothers have left their hometowns to take refuge in South Korean society, so they may be seen as having lost nearly all their former social support networks.

“Importantly, NKR mothers have left their hometowns to take refuge in South Korean society, so they may be seen as having lost nearly all their former social support networks [14].”

• cites [14] Lee, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.