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Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice
Open accessAbstract
Anethum graveolens L. (dill) has been used in ayurvedic medicines since ancient times and it is a popular herb widely used as a spice and also yields essential oil. It is an aromatic and annual herb of apiaceae family. The Ayurvedic uses of dill seeds are carminative, stomachic and diuretic. There are various volatile components of dill seeds and herb; carvone being the predominant odorant of dill seed and α-phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, myristicin are the most important odorants of dill herb. Other compounds isolated from seeds are coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and steroids. The main purpose of this review is to understand the significance of Anethum graveolens in ayurvedic medicines and non-medicinal purposes and emphasis can also be given to the enhancement of secondary metabolites of this medicinal plant.
Overview
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TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes the traditional Ayurvedic, culinary, and industrial uses of *Anethum graveolens* L. (dill) alongside its phytochemistry and reported pharmacological activities. It argues that the plant's monoterpenes—particularly carvone and limonene—are commercially valuable and that in vitro tissue culture could enhance their production.
Key findings
- Dill is used in more than 56 Ayurvedic preparations (e.g., Dasmoolarishtam, Dhanwanthararishtam, Saraswatharishtam) and is described in Ayurveda as carminative, stomachic, and diuretic, with uses for colic, abdominal discomfort, and digestion.
- Seventeen volatile compounds have been identified in the plant; dill oil is described as containing 40–60% d-carvone (listed as 23.1%) with d-limonene (45%), plus α-phellandrene, eugenol, anethole, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenes, and phenolic acids. The fruit yields about 3.5% oil, with specific gravity 0.895–0.915.
- Reported pharmacological effects include antimicrobial activity against *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa*, *S. typhimurium*, *Shigella flexneri*, and *Salmonella typhii*; mucosal protective, antisecretory, and anti-ulcer activity against HCl- and ethanol-induced lesions in mice; antispasmodic relaxant effects on rat ileum; and antihyperlipidemic/antioxidant effects in rats fed a high-fat diet.
- The review notes commercial demand: a survey of four West European countries estimated overall demand for freeze-dried herb at less than 300 tonnes per annum, and anethole at 60 minims is described as a fairly potent vermicide for hookworm.
Methods
- Narrative literature review; no primary experimental data are reported by the authors.
- Synthesizes Ayurvedic, Unani, botanical, ecological, phytochemical, and pharmacological literature, including cited in vitro and in vivo animal studies (mice, rats) and chemical analyses.
- Includes a phytochemical screening table for seeds, leaves, and roots (tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids) and a table of important compounds, plus a described enzymatic pathway for limonene and carvone synthesis from geranyl diphosphate.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations section; it acknowledges that "very less in vitro research has been performed on this potential plant species" and that several physiological and biochemical parameters remain unknown.
- Evident from the text: this is a non-systematic narrative review with no stated search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quality appraisal, and it reports no original data or quantitative synthesis.
- Evident from the text: many efficacy claims are attributed to cited studies without reporting doses, sample sizes, or effect sizes, and several traditional-use claims (e.g., curing urinary complaints, piles, and mental disorders) are presented without supporting experimental evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
11 Sources not found · 9 No full text of the sources · 8 Not checked yet · 3 Check pending
In the paper
“The phytochemical screening of plant showed that leaves, stems and roots were rich in tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids [Table 1].”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > CONSTITUENTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Aiyelaagbe, 2009, Plant Sci Res
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dill fruit hydrochloric extract is a potent relaxant of contractions induced by a variety of spasmogens in rat ileum, so it supports the use of dill fruit in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders.[26]”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > PHARMACOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Naseri-Gharib, 2007, Int J Pharm
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Seed extracts of A. graveolens L. have significant mucosal protective, antisecretory and anti-ulcer activities against HCl- and ethanol-induced stomach lesions in mice.[23]”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > PHARMACOLOGY
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [23] Hosseinzadeh, 2002, BMC Pharmacol source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dill fruit hydrochloric extract is a potent relaxant of contractions induced by a variety of spasmogens in rat ileum, so it supports the use of dill fruit in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders.[26]”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > PHARMACOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Naseri-Gharib, 2007, Int J Pharm
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This effect may help to prevent peptic ulcer.[2425]”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > PHARMACOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2425]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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8 more claims
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Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“From the earlier literature, dill is utilized for many purposes, including medicinal or nutritional such as minimization of bad breath, management of digestive disorders, lactation stimulation, lipid-lowering, anti-gastric irritation, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and also known as an anti-inflammatory agent (Jana and Shekhawat, 2010; Ozliman et al., 2021; Peerakam et al.,”
From Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro (2023) · cites this paper as Jana and Shekhawat, 2010
In the citing paper
“In traditional medicine, dill is generally employed for alleviating colic in infants and flatulence in young children. Additionally, its seed is used in decoction or infusion mode for the treatment of urinary infections, insomnia, hyposecretion of milk, digestive disorders accompanied by meteorism, and gastrointestinal spasms [6,7].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > CONSTITUENTS
“The phytochemical screening of plant showed that leaves, stems and roots were rich in tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids [Table 1].”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > CONSTITUENTS
“Table: Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of Anethum graveolens L. seeds, leaves and roots”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > METABOLITES OF IMPORTANCE
“40 to 60% of d-carvone”
§ Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice > METABOLITES OF IMPORTANCE
“d-carvone (23.1%)”
Citations
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- Ravindran P, Balachandran I. Under utilized medicinal spices II, Spice India. Vol. 17. India: Publisher V K Krishnan Nair; 2005. p. 32-6.
- Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramakutty C, Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1. Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal Madras, India: Orient Longman Limited; 1994. p. 153-4.
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- Mohele, 1985, UV-induced biosynthesis of quercetin 3-o-beta-d-glucuronide in dill Anethum graveolens cell cultures, Phytochem, 183
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shekhawat, G., & Jana, S.
- Affiliations
- Banasthali University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Shekhawat, GS
- ORCID
- Jana, S
- Venue
- Pharmacognosy Reviews
- Publisher
- Manuscript Technomedia LLP
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 179
- ISSN
- 0973-6581 (ISSN-L)
- 0973-7847
- PMC
- PMC3249919
- OpenAlex
- W2159773548
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Pharmacognosy Reviews/Bioinformatics Trends/Pharmacognosy review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University Grants Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant chemical constituents analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- dill, Ayurveda, medicinal plants, spices, essential oils, carvone, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, secondary metabolites
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
