Bibliometrics: Tracking Research Impact by Selecting the Appropriate Metrics
Open accessAbstract
Traditionally, the success of a researcher is assessed by the number of publications he or she publishes in peer-reviewed, indexed, high impact journals. This essential yardstick, often referred to as the impact of a specific researcher, is assessed through the use of various metrics. While researchers may be acquainted with such matrices, many do not know how to use them to enhance their careers. In addition to these metrics, a number of other factors should be taken into consideration to objectively evaluate a scientist's profile as a researcher and academician. Moreover, each metric has its own limitations that need to be considered when selecting an appropriate metric for evaluation. This paper provides a broad overview of the wide array of metrics currently in use in academia and research. Popular metrics are discussed and defined, including traditional metrics and article-level metrics, some of which are applied to researchers for a greater understanding of a particular concept, including varicocele that is the thematic area of this Special Issue of Asian Journal of Andrology. We recommend the combined use of quantitative and qualitative evaluation using judiciously selected metrics for a more objective assessment of scholarly output and research impact.
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Keyword co-occurrence analysis is used to determine relationships between topics in the disciplines represented in this literature set, which can assist in identifying areas for current and future research.
“It is used to determine the relationships between topics in the disciplines represented in this literature set, which in turn, can assist in identifying areas (clusters) for current and future research that constitute the theoretical constructs or underlying themes of the research area (Eck and Waltman, 2010; Agarwal et al., 2016).”
From Characteristics and trends in acceptance and commitment therapy research: A bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Agarwal et al., 2016
The AUTHOR RANK section describes keyword searches used to compare author rankings, not keyword co-occurrence analysis. The CITATION COUNTS section discusses tools for tracking citations and topic trends, but does not address mapping relationships between topics or identifying research clusters. Searches for co-occurrence and research themes found no supporting passage; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredJIF shows a certain level of discrimination against less popular publication types that, in certain disciplines, are as important as original research articles.
“In this way, JIF also shows a certain level of discrimination against less popular publication types that, in certain disciplines, are as important as original research articles [2,26,45,46,224,225,229].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Only a minority of stakeholders employing bibliometric indicators are adequately familiar with their meaning and appropriate use.
“Yet, only a minority of stakeholders employing bibliometric indicators are adequately familiar with their meaning and appropriate use [2,4,5,7].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Today, JIF is often misused due to a misinterpretation of its meaning, as it has become a standard tool in virtually all evaluation practices at all levels, usually without proper considerations of the rationale for its use.
“However, today, JIF is often misused due to a misinterpretation of its meaning, as it has become a standard tool in virtually all evaluation practices at all levels, usually without proper considerations of the rationale for its use [2,44,222,224-227].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Evaluations of larger entities such as research or academic institutions and countries can only compare those similar in size.
“The same applies in evaluations of larger entities, such as research or academic institutions and countries, since they can only be compared to those that are similar in size [2,26].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Not all cited publications could be read at all by the authors.
“not all of the cited publications could be read at all by the authors [2].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The 80-20 rule describes that usually the top 20% of papers receive 80% of total citations, while remaining publications are cited very scarcely, if at all.
“This phenomenon can be well illustrated by the 80-20 rule describing that, usually, the top 20% of papers tend to receive 80% of total citations, while remaining publications are cited very scarcely, if cited at all [2,272].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The simple amount of publications does not reflect scientific impact, because publication counts measure productivity rather than quality.
“The simple amount of publications does not reflect the scientific impact, since publication counts measure productivity, rather than quality [1,2].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Scientific impact of any evaluated entity cannot be determined solely by citations due to different citing behaviors and incompatible citation counts between disciplines.
“It is often argued that the scientific impact of any evaluated entity cannot be determined solely by citations due to the different citing behaviors and resulting incompatible citation counts between disciplines [1-3,5,260,267].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The 'publish or perish' attitude stimulates productivity of researchers but creates a bias towards quantity, often overlooking quality.
“this 'publish or perish' attitude, on the one hand, stimulates the productivity of researchers, but, on the other, creates a bias towards quantity, often overlooking quality [2,3,6-8,44,81,163,260,263,284-288].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cebrino, J., & de la Cruz, S. P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242781 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Ma, H., Ismail, L., & Han, W. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12848-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hafeez, D. M., Jalal, S., & Khosa, F. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chapman, G. R., Cully, A., Kosiol, J., Macht, S. A., Chapman, R. L., Fitzgerald, A., & Gertsen, F. (2020) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2020.16 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Research on risk assessment of blockchain-driven supply chain finance: A systematic review
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Using Mendelian randomization as the cornerstone for causal inference in epidemiology
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Amiruddin, M. Z. B., Samsudin, A., Suhandi, A., Çoştu, B., & Prahanı, B. K. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101208 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bougioukas, K. I., Bouras, E., Avgerinos, K. I., Dardavessis, T., & Haidich, A. (2020) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12318 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The H-index in Life and Health Sciences: Advantages, Drawbacks and Challenging Opportunities
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Chambergo‐Michilot, D., Diaz-Barrera, M. E., & Benites-Zapata, V. A. (2021) · Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2021.381.6501 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Li, Q., Yang, W., Li, J., & Shan, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.953465 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Varicocele and male infertility: current concepts and future perspectives
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Self-citationLyu, X., Peng, W., Yu, W., Xin, Z., Niu, S., & Qu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2021.1922524 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of food supply chain: pre, during and post COVID-19 pandemic
Kafi, A., Zainuddin, N., Saifudin, A. M., Shahron, S. A., Razalli, M. R., Musa, S., & Ahmi, A. (2023) · Agriculture & Food Security · doi:10.1186/s40066-023-00425-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Research Combining Physical Activity and Sleep: A Bibliometric Analysis
Memon, A. R., Vandelanotte, C., Olds, T., Duncan, M. J., & Vincent, G. E. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519889780 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Levin, G., Brezinov, Y., & Meyer, R. (2023) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-023-07081-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adoption and usage of Academic Social Networks: a Japan case study
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The Top 100 Spine Surgery Articles on Social Media
Parrish, J. M., Jenkins, N. W., Brundage, T. S., Hrynewycz, N. M., & Singh, K. (2020) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000003508 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhao, N., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Liang, Z., Yang, J., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Chen, K., Gao, Y., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01187 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The 100 most influential publications in asthma from 1960 to 2017: A bibliometric analysis
Qu, Y., Zhang, C., Hu, Z., Li, S., Chen, K., Ning, Y., Shang, Y., & Bai, C. (2018) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.014 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Valentine Joseph Owan, P. D., Ameh, E., & Anam, E. G. (2023) · Educational Research for Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s10671-023-09354-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Afterword to varicocele and male infertility: current concepts and future perspectives
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Self-citationPublish or perish, but do not forget your software artifacts
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“It is used to determine the relationships between topics in the disciplines represented in this literature set, which in turn, can assist in identifying areas (clusters) for current and future research that constitute the theoretical constructs or underlying themes of the research area (Eck and Waltman, 2010; Agarwal…”
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- Authors
- Agarwal, A., Durairajanayagam, D., Tatagari, S., Esteves, S., Harlev, A., Henkel, R., Roychoudhury, S., Homa, S., Puchalt, N., Ramasamy, R., Majzoub, A., Ly, K., Tvrda, E., Assidi, M., Kesari, K., Sharma, R., Banihani, S., Ko, E., Abu-Elmagd, M., Gosalvez, J., & Bashiri, A.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- University of the Western Cape (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Agarwal, Ashok
- ORCID
- Venue
- Asian Journal of Andrology
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 296
- ISSN
- 1008-682X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4770502
- OpenAlex
- W2263556835
- Cited by
- 639
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Asian Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (acceptedVersion)
- Hispana (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- bibliometric analysis, research impact, research metrics, article-level metrics, varicocele, research career development
- MeSH terms
- Authorship, Humans, Periodicals as Topic, Bibliometrics, Biomedical Research, Journal Impact Factor, Open Access Publishing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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