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Cited by 7Memory, violence, and historyMemory, Trauma, and CommemorationMiddle East and Rwanda Conflicts

Before my time? Addressing the intergenerational legacies of the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda

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Eichelsheim, Veroni, Berckmoes, Lidewyde, Hola, Barbora, Rutayisire, Theoneste, Richters, Annemiek·2019·Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas
DOI 10.4103/1571-8883.239711
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Abstract

This study aims to (i) understand how the legacies of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and its aftermath are transmitted to the next generation within Rwandan families and (ii) explore how institutional support plays a role in the pathways of intergenerational transmission. Through an in-depth analysis of qualitative interviews with 41 mothers and one of their adolescent children, we identified direct and indirect pathways through which the legacies of the genocide are transmitted to the second generation. Direct pathways concern the ways in which the genocide and its aftermath are reflected upon, reconstructed and explicitly communicated or silenced to the second generation. Indirect pathways are ways in which the genocide and its aftermath affect the life circumstances of the children, and through that, the child. Many of the included households had access to at least some kind of support. In general, our results indicate that organisations providing support to families and individuals in post-conflict settings might want to consider focusing explicitly on the identified pathways of intergenerational transmission to improve the living conditions of the next generation(s).

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Crossref · 10.4103/1571-8883.239711

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  • Intergenerational legacies of genocide are a risk factor for the internalization of feelings of divisionism.

    “Additionally, it was indicated that intergenerational legacies of genocide are a risk factor for the internalization of feelings of genesis of divisionism (sectarianism and ethnic division) that are vague and sweeping, and have been used to silence legitimate dissent.”

    From Contribution of community-based sociotherapy interventions for the psychological well-being of Rwandan youths born to genocide perpetrators and survivors: analysis of the stories telling of a sociotherapy approach (2020) · cites this paper as [33]

    The Results and Direct pathways sections describe how genocide legacies pass to children, including mothers’ concern that children may come to hate others or seek revenge. They do not establish that these legacies are a risk factor for internalizing divisionism. The Direct pathways section says some people hesitate to express mistrust or hatred because doing so may be considered dangerous, but it does not say that vague laws have been used to silence legitimate dissent. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  • Research in Rwanda highlighted the presence of heterotypic continuity, the transmission of violence or other maladapted behaviors from one generation to the next.

    “Research in Rwanda highlighted the presence of heterotypic continuity, a term that refers to the transmission of violence or other maladapted behaviors from one generation to the next [33].”

    From Contribution of community-based sociotherapy interventions for the psychological well-being of Rwandan youths born to genocide perpetrators and survivors: analysis of the stories telling of a sociotherapy approach (2020) · cites this paper as [33]

    The Introduction discusses intergenerational transmission of violence, and the section on indirect pathways identifies domestic violence and inadequate caregiving among the pathways observed in Rwanda. The paper does not use or define “heterotypic continuity,” so it supports the broad point but not the claim’s specific terminology. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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  • The genocide and its aftermath created genocide ideology among the second generation.

    “The genocide and its aftermath created the genocide ideology among the second generation and this has been resolved though diverse efforts of the government, national and international contributors with the goal to bring the unity, reconciliation, nationalism, patriotism, dignity, and rehumanisation [33, 39, 40].”

    From Contribution of community-based sociotherapy interventions for the psychological well-being of Rwandan youths born to genocide perpetrators and survivors: analysis of the stories telling of a sociotherapy approach (2020) · cites this paper as [33]

    The Results and Concluding Remarks report that the genocide and its aftermath affect the second generation through direct and indirect pathways. They do not say that these effects created genocide ideology among that generation. The only substantive mention of genocide ideology, in “Direct pathways of intergenerational transmission,” concerns a law and the sensitivity of publicly expressing mistrust or hatred. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Berckmoes, L. H., De Jong, J. T. V. M., & Reis, R. (2016). Intergenera- tional transmission of violence and resilience in conflict-affected Burundi: A qualitative study of why some children thrive despite duress. Global Mental Health, e26. doi: 10.1017/gmh.2017. · DOI
  2. Clark, P., & Kaufman, Z. D. (Eds.). (2008). After genocide, transitional justice, post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation in Rwanda and beyond. United Kingdom: Hurts Publishers.
  3. Dekker, C. (2016). Terugvinden van waardigheid: Community-based sociotherapy in Rwanda, Oost Congo en Liberia (Dissertation). Amsterdam: VU University Press.
  4. Richters, A., & Sarabwe, E. (2014). Everyday partner violence in Rwanda: The contribution of community-based sociotherapy to peaceful family life: Original contribution. African Safety Promotion, 12(1), 18-34.

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Authors
Eichelsheim, V., Berckmoes, L., Hola, B., Rutayisire, T., & Richters, A.
Affiliations
  • Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NL)
  • PhD: Senior Researcher at Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), The Netherlands
  • PhD: Researcher at Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • PhD: Emeritus Professor at Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Eichelsheim, Veroni
ORCID
Venue
Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2019-01
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
31-39
ISSN
  • 1571-8883 (ISSN-L)
  • 1872-1001
DOI
10.4103/1571-8883.239711
OpenAlex
W2888611841
Cited by
7
References
21
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • Intervention (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Funders
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (W 08.400.124)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Memory, violence, and history
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
Keywords
1994 genocide against the Tutsi, intergenerational transmission, intergenerational legacy, second generation, family communication, silence, institutional support, Rwanda

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