Burden of Care and Perceived Psycho-Social Outcomes among Family Caregivers of Patients Living with Cancer
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Caring for patients living with cancer requires the support of family caregivers. Literature reports experiences of diverse burdens and health effects among caregivers. This study examined the burden, physical, psycho-social, and financial outcomes of caregiving among caregivers of patients living with cancer. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January and March 2019. A convenient sample of 201 caregivers who were direct family relatives were selected to complete a validated Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) Questionnaire (r = 0.994) and perceived outcomes of caregiving questionnaire. The burden scale score ranged from 0 to 20 (no burden) to 61-88 (severe burden). Other outcomes of caregiving were measured on a Likert scale 0-4 (where 2.00 is the threshold score of effect of caregiving experienced), to determine the strength of the effect of caregiving on each variable of interest. The factors that contributed to the health outcomes were also identified. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 37.68 ± 14.29 years and majority (60.4%) were female. The mean duration of caregiving was 2.34 ± 1.14. Caregivers (44.5%) reported a mild level of the burden while 4.4% reported severe burden. The mean burden score was 28.30 ± 15.78. Findings also indicate that caregiving affected the physical health (mean = 2.58 ≥ 2.00) and social well-being (mean = 2.42 ≥ 2.00) of the caregivers. The impact on psychological health was less than the threshold value (mean = 1.88 ≤ 2.00), suggesting less impact. Some factors associated with physical effects include poor eating (mean = 2.80) and lack of sleep (mean = 2.92). However, the psychological outcomes were associated with loss of hope (mean = 1.53) and feelings of frustration (mean = 1.65). CONCLUSIONS: Reported burden of care was mild; although negative health outcomes were noted. Health-care professionals can ameliorate such effects through a regular systemic assessment with standardized instruments, for early identification and intervention.
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Using the 10 outcome events per predictor variable rule and considering a 70% prevalence of caregiver burden using the ZBI-22 cutoff score of 21, at least 214 participants were needed for logistic regression analysis including 15 predictor variables.
“Using the 10 outcome events per predictor variable (EPV) rule and considering a 70% prevalence of CB using the ZBI-22 cutoff score of 21 [20–24], at least 214 participants were needed for logistic regression analysis including 15 predictor variables.”
From Caregiver burden among family caregivers of incurable cancer patients in two eastern Mediterranean countries (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Methods define a ZBI-22 score of 21 as the start of mild caregiver burden. Table 2 in the Results reports 35.7% with no burden, implying 64.3% scored 21 or higher—not the stated 70%. The 70% figure is therefore an approximate planning assumption rather than this paper’s reported prevalence; the EPV calculation and 214-participant requirement are the citing authors’ own calculation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prevalence of caregiver burden among family caregivers of cancer patients in general using the ZBI-22 cutoff point of 21 ranged widely from 37 to 82% in other studies.
“The prevalence of CB among FCs of cancer patients in general using the ZBI-22 cutoff point of 21 ranged widely from 37 to 82% in other studies [9, 20–25].”
From Caregiver burden among family caregivers of incurable cancer patients in two eastern Mediterranean countries (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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Alsirafy, S. A., Nagy, R., Hassan, A. D., Fawzy, R., Abdelhafeez, A. A. M., Husein, M. O., Almashiakhi, M. A., Alabdullateef, S. H., Alghamdi, S. A., & Elyamany, A. M. (2021) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-021-00857-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Onyeneho, C. A., & Ilesanmi, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University (AE)
- Corresponding author
- Onyeneho, Chiemerigo A
- ORCID
- Ilesanmi, Rose E
- Venue
- Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 330-336
- ISSN
- 2347-5625 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8030593
- OpenAlex
- W3126659006
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 10.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- family caregivers, caregiver burden, cancer caregiving, Zarit Burden Interview, physical health outcomes, psychological well-being, social well-being, financial burden, hopelessness, frustration, insufficient sleep, Nigeria, University College Hospital Ibadan
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