Effect of Modified Slow Breathing Exercise on Perceived Stress and Basal Cardiovascular Parameters
Open accessAbstract
Context: Different types of breathing exercises have varied effects on cardiovascular parameters and the stress levels in an individual. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a modified form of isolated alternate nostril, slow breathing exercise on perceived stress, and cardiovascular parameters in young, male volunteers. Settings and Design: This was a randomized control study carried out at Advanced Centre for Yoga Therapy Education and Research, Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry in 2014. Subjects and Methods: Hundred healthy male volunteers were randomized into control group, n = 50 and slow breathing group (study), n = 50. Slow breathing exercise training was given to study group for 30 min a day, 5 times/week for 12 weeks, under the supervision of certified yoga trainers. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) using Cohen's questionnaire, anthropometric parameters such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded at baseline and after 12 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. Slow breathing exercise training was provided for the study group. During the study period, one volunteer opted out of the study group due to personal reasons. Results: HR, SBP, DBP, and PSS decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) in the study group following 12 weeks slow breathing exercise training, while no significant change ( P > 0.05) was observed in BMI and WHR. There was no significant change in the control group. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of modified slow breathing exercise reduced perceived stress and improved the cardiovascular parameters. The above results indicate that our modified slow breathing exercise is effective in reducing stress and improving the cardiovascular parameters.
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Of four effective ANB/UNB interventions in novice practitioners, all included human-guided training for a minimum of four sessions [69,77,88,100].
“Of our four effective ANB/UNB interventions carried out in novice practitioners, all included human-guided training for a minimum of four sessions [69,77,88,100].”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [77]
The Subjects and Methods section describes a modified alternate-nostril breathing intervention supervised by a certified yoga instructor five days a week for 12 weeks, and the Discussion reports reduced perceived stress. The paper describes the technique as suitable for beginners, but its inclusion criteria do not establish that the participants were novice practitioners. The count of four interventions is the citing authors’ own synthesis, not a claim this individual paper can verify. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Naik, G. S., Gaur, G. S., & Pal, G. K.
- Affiliations
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Naik, G. Sunil
- ORCID
- Gaur, G.S.
- Venue
- International Journal of Yoga
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-58
- ISSN
- 0973-6131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5769199
- OpenAlex
- W2799497185
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Yoga (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Keywords
- alternate nostril breathing, pranayama, perceived stress, cardiovascular parameters, heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, yoga therapy, stress reduction
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