The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Improving Intergroup Relations
Abstract
This book is intended both as supplementary reading for courses and as a practical guidebook for individuals and programmes interested in reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations. It provides the only comprehensive review and compilation of techniques for roving intergroup relations
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The most successful way to alleviate intergroup anxiety and increase provider confidence is through direct “contact” with members of other groups.71,72”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 399
Wait! It Takes Time to Develop Rich and Relevant Social Justice Curriculum
Landreman, L., Edwards, K. E., Balón, D. G., et al. (2008) · About Campus Enriching the Student Learning Experience · doi:10.1002/abc.258 · Cited by 7
Are Religious Tolerance and Pluralism Reachable Ideals? A Psychological Perspective
Waillet, N. V. D. S., & Roskam, I. (2013) · Religious Education · doi:10.1080/00344087.2013.747873 · Cited by 8
Building Intergroup Relations After September 11
Lee, K. S. (2002) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00033.x · Cited by 7
Contact Strategies for Improving Intergroup Relations among Youth
Tropp, L. R., & Ramiah, A. A. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118773123.ch17 · Cited by 7
Toft, A. (2021) · Universitetsforlaget eBooks · doi:10.18261/9788215037417-2021-07 · Cited by 9
Bonefeld, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37262-0_9 · Cited by 7
An Ethics Action Plan for Rare Disease Care: Participatory Action Research Approach
Quintal, A., Carreau, I., Grenier, A., Hébert, C., Yergeau, C., Berthiaume, Y., & Racine, É. (2023) · Journal of Participatory Medicine · doi:10.2196/46607 · Cited by 8
“Health care workers may become more confident and less anxious to interact with rare disease patients [63,95,96].”
BackgroundProject Program Development and Implementation
Garvin, C. D. (2008) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496407313415 · Cited by 6
“Conflict resolution programs have heretofore emphasized mediation, positive bargaining, or third-party consultation, and each of these is described in detail in the literature (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Introduction to the Project
Garvin, C. D., & Bargal, D. (2008) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496407313405 · Cited by 6
Perspectives and Research on the Concept of Race within the Framework of Multiracial Identity
Aumer, K., Hatfield, E. C., Swann, W. B., & Frey, R. A. (2011) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v5i2.63 · Cited by 6
The Road to Becoming an Antiracism Organization
Donner, S. E., & Miller, J. L. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159226.003.0010 · Cited by 6
Overcoming Barriers to Social Justice Learning in Multicultural Counselor Education
Malott, K. M., Yee, T., & Barraclough, S. (2023) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-023-09506-3 · Cited by 6
“For instance, rather than confront students’ biases toward social groups, which can threaten learners’ sense of self and solidify prior biases, experts suggest promoting cross-group contact to reduce prejudice and increase empathy (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialLebedeva, N. M., Elena, M., & Tatarko, A. N. (2013) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/13.54.39 · Cited by 6
The Impact of a Program of Prejudice‐Reduction Seminars in South Africa1
McCool, M. A., Jr., du Toit, F., Petty, C. R., & McCauley, C. R. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00020.x · Cited by 6
“In their review, Stephan and Stephan (2001) were able to locate only seven.”
BackgroundInfluentialManalastas, E. J., Benjamin, I., Blumenau, H. S., Shea, E., & Feinstein, B. A. (2025) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2025.2500964 · Cited by 5
“…works to reduce prejudice, designs such as cross-sectional studies, surveys, and broader evaluation studies have the potential to yield valuable contextual information about prejudice-reduction implementation especially in real-world settings (Paluck & Green, 2009; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
“Mom, I'm Home”: Israeli Lebanon-War Films as Inadvertent Preservers of the National Narrative
Benziman (2013) · Israel Studies · doi:10.2979/israelstudies.18.3.112 · Cited by 5
The potential of fostering connections: Insights into polycultural organizations
Valenzuela, M. A., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2023) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2023.23 · Cited by 5
Batson, C. D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197610923.003.0010 · Cited by 5
The Hindu-Muslim Divide: Building Sustainable Bridges
Tripathi, R. C., Ghosh, E. S. K., & Kumar, R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1003-0_13 · Cited by 5
Age, Gender and Social Class Influences on Skin Colour Preferences Among Mozambican Children
Cruz, G. V. (2012) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2012.10874532 · Cited by 5
“E-mail: germano.veracruz@gmail.com studies postapartheid (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; Wagner et al., 2009).”
Negative Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
Cohrs, J. C., & Kessler, T. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-27222-5_1 · Cited by 5
IRRODL Volume 10, Number 2; Regional Focus Issue: Learning Technologies in the Middle East
Authors, V. (2009) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.1103 · Cited by 5
Stephan, C. W., & Stephan, W. G. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0165 · Cited by 5
Self-citationInterethnic Friendship Formation
Titzmann, P. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6_15 · Cited by 4
Berry, J. D. (2008) · Criminal Justice Matters · doi:10.1080/09627250802277025 · Cited by 4
Κιουμή, Ε., & Gardikiotis, A. (2023) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2023-0007 · Cited by 4
Cardetti, F., Wagner, M. M., Selampinar, F., Brückner, C., & Peczuh, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00417 · Cited by 4
Inclusive Identity and the Psychology of Political Change
Dovidio, J. F., Saguy, T., Ufkes, E. G., Scheepers, D. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315717104-26 · Cited by 8
Chongruksa, D., & Prinyapol, P. (2011) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2011.615135 · Cited by 4
“In addition, Stephan and Stephan (2001) suggested that the processes of prejudice reduction be focused on affective dimensions by reducing threat, modifying associations between cognitions and affect and creating empathy.”
BackgroundГригорьев, Д. (2016) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2016-2-273-298 · Cited by 4
Smith, P., Nagy, H., Bilsland, C., & Dinh, N. (2017) · Managing the Asian century · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2281-4_8 · Cited by 5
Wright, C. (2015) · Journal of Dialogue Studies Volume 10 · doi:10.55207/hyrc1941 · Cited by 3
Creating Productive Learning Environments in Culturally Pluralistic Classrooms
Kumar, R., & Karabenick, S. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73317-3_40 · Cited by 3
EXPLORACIÓN DE PREJUICIOS EN LOS PSICÓLOGOS: EL PRIMER PASO HACIA LA COMPETENCIA SOCIOCULTURAL
Díaz‐Lázaro, C. M. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 3
Psychologia społeczna. W pułapkach zaangażowania: Polska i świat
Bilewicz, M., & Olechowski, M. (2014) · Stan Rzeczy · doi:10.51196/srz.6.8 · Cited by 5
Cervantes, L. M., Cuadrado, I., & Navas, M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2017.1385214 · Cited by 3
“Aunque Pettigrew y Tropp (2008) proponen que la disminución de la ansiedad predice positivamente el conocimiento del exogrupo, los resultados del estudio de Zagefka et al. (2015) indican que el conocimiento del exogrupo predice negativamente la ansiedad (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTsang, A. K. T., Leung, V. W. Y., Tan, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-021-00826-0 · Cited by 3
Aversive Racism and Implicit Bias
Dovidio, J. F., Pearson, A. R., Schellhaas, F. M. H., Gaertner, S. L., & Penner, L. A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.008 · Cited by 3
Connecting With Others: Diversity Training Shapes Egalitarian Orientations
Onyeador, I. N., Duchscherer, K. M., Dupree, C. H., & Dovidio, J. F. (2025) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.70013 · Cited by 3
“Studies have shown that these phenomena can be changed by exposure and knowledge (Mallett et al. 2008; Stephan and Stephan 2001, cf .”
English as an equalizer between Arab and Jewish students in Israel
Carmel, R., & Yochanna, M. (2018) · Journal of Peace Education · doi:10.1080/17400201.2017.1422708 · Cited by 3
Diem, S. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Determining the validity and reliability of the cultural awareness and beliefs inventory
Roberts-Walter, P. F. (2007) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3
Pakolaisten interpersonaaliset vuorovaikutussuhteet vieraassa maassa
Kokkonen, L. (2006) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 3
Subjective Ambivalence and the Expression of Anti-Gay Bias
Hoffarth, M. R. (2013) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 3
Intergroup Dialogue Empowering Action for Transforming Equity in Higher Education
Brar, M. D., Morales‐Chicas, J., Morris, S. L., et al. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15010038 · Cited by 2
Zigdon, A., Lavenda, O., & Lewin, E. (2025) · Journal of Safety Science and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2025.100228 · Cited by 3
The Political Psychology of Terrorism
Snider, K. L. G., Shandler, R., Matzkin, S., & Canetti, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541302.013.13 · Cited by 3
Kim, D., & Kokuryo, J. (2024) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc14090192 · Cited by 2
The Intergroup Time Bias and Its Implications for Medical Healthcare
Bú, E. A. D., da Silva, R. P., Pereira, C. R., Torres, A. R. R., Madeira, F., Vala, J., & Hagiwara, N. (2025) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.70014 · Cited by 4
Learning the Narrative of the Other
Zigenlaub, E., & Sagy, S. (2023) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666567377.181 · Cited by 2
Dan, O., David, Y. M., Abraham, M., & Souval, D. (2015) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2015.69111 · Cited by 2
Lifshitz, H., Nissim, S., & Cohen, S. (2008) · Education and training in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416470804300410 · Cited by 2
“Theintegrated threat theory of prejudice (Stephan et al., 1994; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), which was originally used to explain prejudice towards immigrants and minority groups in the population, can be joined to the above explanations.”
Leadership and identity politics on the eve of the Israeli 2015 elections: children’s perspectives
Alon-Tirosh, M., & Hadar‐Shoval, D. (2016) · Israel Affairs · doi:10.1080/13537121.2016.1174372 · Cited by 2
A Review on Cross Cultural Education throughout Europe: Identity Issues
Şeker, M. (2018) · Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.14812/cuefd.389797 · Cited by 2
“Sosyal uyum veya bütünleşmenin nedenleri; yaşanan ekonomik zorluklar (Yücesin-Taş, 2013); yabancı dil eksikliği (Groux & Porcher, 2000); öz güven eksikliği (Brown, 2008; Giddens, 1991); veya ev sahibi ülkenin sosyal ortamındaki tepki ya da ayrımcılık (Brown, 2009; Stephan & Stephan, 2001) olabilir.”
BackgroundCohen, R. A., & Lewin, E. (2019) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x19830750 · Cited by 2
“…up overestimating the risk, collective fear advances the advisability of taking action aimed at the external causes of the threat and manifests itself in the individual’s concern for the survival of the social group as an entity (Huddy, Stanley, Charles, & Gallya, 2005; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundAn Overview of Implicit Racial Stereotype in Malaysia
Radzlan, R., Assim, M. I. S. A., Rosnon, M. R., Baharuddin, S. A., Gill, S. S., & Badari, S. A. Z. (2019) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i12/5412 · Cited by 2
“They believe that discussing sensitive issues is equivalent to a social mistake, by accidentally laughing, or appearing prejudice (Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Kite & Whitley, 2012).”
BackgroundAttitude towards Immigrants in Russia: Regional Aspect
Демидова, О. А. (2021) · Spatial Economics · doi:10.14530/se.2021.3.133-155 · Cited by 2
Mähönen, T. A. (2011) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 2
Efektywność specyficznych i niespecyficznych sposobów zmiany negatywnych stereotypów etnicznych
Wójcik, M. (2009) · Cited by 2
Wilson, A. L. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 2
A Study Of Developing Tolerance Among Prospective Teachers Through Classroom Activities
Khalid, S. (2013) · HEC National Digital Library · Cited by 2
Representation of Arabs by Israeli Jews: Review of Empirical Research
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.010 · Cited by 2
Informing Theory from Practice and Applied Research
Gurin, P. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00478.x · Cited by 2
Chamorro, L. R. (2007) · Cited by 2
The Context: The Arab-Israeli Intractable Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.006 · Cited by 2
Willow, R. A. (2003) · Cited by 2
Fostering Diversity: the Role of Intergroup Contact in Counselor Education
Moon, J. (2024) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-024-09588-7 · Cited by 1
“Conversely, outgroups are groups to which individuals do not belong, often based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, social class, gender, disability status, or sexual orientation (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
Clark, L. J., Nunnally, S. C., & Anderson, C. M. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5782-8.ch011 · Cited by 1
Braganza, M. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2024) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcae158 · Cited by 1
Impact of Intergroup Dialogue on LGBTQ+ and Non-LGBTQ+ Individuals in South Korea
Kim, J., Kwon, H., Jeong, J., et al. (2025) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000251337687 · Cited by 1
“They also come to realize that the injustices and inequalities they face are rooted in systemic and structural issues, transforming them into active agents addressing these problems (Nagda et al., 2004; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
Mukherjee, B., Gambhir, D., & Yaswi, A. (2015) · Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.5296/jsss.v2i2.7358 · Cited by 1
Swenson, T., Visgatis, B., スウェンソン, タ., et al. (2011) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 1
Cooperative Learning in Classrooms Today
Pierce, J. (2015) · Cited by 1
Representation of Arabs in Public Discourse
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.007 · Cited by 1
Acculturation inEastern Europe
Dimitrova, R., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316219218.017 · Cited by 1
Acceptance and Rejection as a Source of Youth Conflict
Hertz‐Lazarowitz, R. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178425.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Cámara, C. P., Rico, I. L., Cruz, T. D. L. T., Adánez, Á. G., Martínez, V. B., Llamazares, C. E., Santamaría, M. C., & Eguizábal, A. J. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v7.822 · Cited by 1
Combatiendo el prejuicio en personas mayores desde la formación.
Cámara, C. P., Castillo, J. L., Rico, I. L., Cruz, T. D. L. T., Llamazares, C. E., González, J. G., Iglesias, A. I. S., & Eguizábal, A. J. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n2.v1.1107 · Cited by 1
Distinguishing Empathic Concern from Personal Distress
Batson, C. D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197610923.003.0003 · Cited by 2
Ethnic–racial socialization experiences of Mexican American youth
Bingham, K. J., Cutrer‐Párraga, E. A., & Smith, T. B. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23146 · Cited by 1
Youth Dialogues on Race and Ethnicity
Checkoway, B. N. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506868.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Демидова, О. А. (2014) · International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics · doi:10.1504/ijcee.2014.060290 · Cited by 1
Hode, M. G., & Behm‐Morawitz, E. (2016) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0209-8.ch001 · Cited by 1
Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.002 · Cited by 1
The Role of Reflective Judgment in the Relationship Between Religious Orientation and Prejudice
Cook, A. (2011) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1
Batson, C. D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Bombieri, L., Galyapina, V., & Bushina, E. (2019) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2019-2-285-301 · Cited by 1
Building Social Cohesion through Education in Africa? Lessons from Côte d’Ivoire and Kenya
Kuppens, L., & Langer, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645195.011 · Cited by 1
Kalnisky, M., & Levy, D. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22457 · Cited by 1
Inter-regional contacts and voting behaviour in Belgium: What can we learn from the 2019 elections?
Thijssen, P., Reuchamps, M., Winter, L. D., et al. (2021) · Regional & Federal Studies · doi:10.1080/13597566.2021.1919096 · Cited by 1
Dialogue in Identity-Based Conflict (Study of Intergroup-Dialogue with University Students)
Shrestha, L. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.2011 · Cited by 1
Media and the contact hypothesis. An experimental study on the impact of parasocial contact.
Junger, L. T., & Witte, E. H. (2008) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.9174 · Cited by 1
Representation of Arabs in School Textbooks
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814.008 · Cited by 1
The blindness of ideological commitment: the educational tragedy of Arab/Jewish co‐existence
Nir, A. E., Katz, M., Karayanni, M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220270600682705 · Cited by 1
Does Ethnic Diversity Affect Social Capital in the Russian Context?Preprint
Tatarko, A. N., Миронова, А. А., & Викторович, Ч. С. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2613357 · Cited by 1
“As a result, the perceived threat increases for members of different ethnic groups (Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Stephan et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThörner, S. (2014) · open_UMR Marburg DSpace 10.0 (Philipps-Universität Marburg) · doi:10.17192/z2014.0364 · Cited by 1
Gender Bias in Engineering: Does More Contact with Female Engineers Reduce Bias?
Hoeffel, E. M. (2007) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Ethnographic interpretation of cultural immersion in study abroad programs
Goldoni, F. (2009) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephan, W., & Stephan, C.
- Affiliations
- New Mexico State University (US)
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2001
- OpenAlex
- W561451879
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 17.62
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- intergroup relations, prejudice reduction, intergroup contact, group psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review