Improving Intergroup Relations

“Other reviews cover a broad range of prejudicereduction programs and the theories that underlie them (e.g., Oskamp 2000, Stephan & Stephan 2001).”

“An emphasis on learning new information is a critical component of multicultural education programs for improving intergroup relations (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“The effects of participation in these dialogues are impressive (see Hurtado, 2001, and Stephan and Stephan, 2001, for details of these studies): [D]ialogue participation is linked with positive effects on cognitive outcomes such as knowledge about other groups and discrimination in society,…”

“The most successful way to alleviate intergroup anxiety and increase provider confidence is through direct “contact” with members of other groups.(71,72) Thus interactive, facilitated discussions, particularly in which people interact in individualized ways, among colleagues of different race and ethnicity Figure 1.”

“They aim to change conscious attitudesdold-fashioned racismdwith direct educational programs and persuasion (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“As a result, rather diverse intervention programs have been developed and tested during the last 30 years (e.g., Oskamp, 2000; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“…an observer Smith (1993, p. 304) a social emotion experienced with respect to one’s social identity as a group member, with an outgroup as a target Stephan & Stephan (1993, p. 125) negative evaluations of social groups Brewer & Crano (1994, p. 464) negative affect directed toward all members of a…”

“Previous research has found that intergroup contact fosters physiological arousal, anxiety, and discomfort (e.g., Blascovich et al., 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“…1169) noted that “the inclusion of more multicultural content in the curriculum is the most widely implemented aspect of multicultural education, and yet it is probably the least well-studied component of multicultural educational practice” (for a similar observation, see Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Some researchers classify diversity training activities along a continuum from instructional to experiential training methods (Gudykunst & Hammer, 1983; Lindsay, 1994; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“While the use of intergroup dialogues is increasing, recent reviews note that only a small body of research documents their effectiveness (Hurtado, 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“…been identified as effective approaches to reducing students’ racial bias and they include the following: multicultural course interventions, diversity workshop or training interventions, peer-facilitated interventions, and service interventions (e.g., Engberg, 2004; Stephan & Stephan, 2000, 2001).”

“Stephan and colleagues give examples of measurement tools that assess racial attitudes, stereotypes, intergroup anxiety, empathy, and intergroup contact and attitudes (Stephan and Stephan, 2001; Stephan, 2006).”

“As Stephan and Stephan (2001) have”

“…and exploitation, education for coexistence can have an effect because, in this case, it is mainly the beliefs, attitudes, and norms that need to be changed, which is the main objective of education for coexistence (see for example, Davidson & Davidson, 1994; Levin, 2002; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“…goal of educating for values such as mutual respect, justice, and equality of rights (see Bar-Tal, this issue), it is important to apply these principles in reality (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), rather than to illustrate the contradictory principle-glaring injustice in the distribution of resources.”

“It is also of great theoretical significance, given the prominent role that empathy plays in many models of intergroup relations (e.g., Batson & Ahmad, 2009; Lickel et al., 2006; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Stephan and Stephan (2001) also suggest that although these three components are normally consistent with one another, they are not always congruent.”

“Interventions to reduce bias against members of underrepresented groups frequently emphasize the importance of inclusiveness and overarching commonalities among groups (Houlette et al., 2004; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Despite increasing racial diversity in many social arenas in contemporary U.S. society, interracial interactions have been found to be awkward and often distressing (e.g., Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai–Bell, 2001; Devine & Vasquez, 1998; Ickes, 1984; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Although interracial interactions are increasingly frequent in today’s society, they remain a source of anxiety for many individuals, even evoking a state of physiological threat in some (Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai-Bell, 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 1985, 2001).”

“In general, most scholars have concentrated instead on the levels of perceived threat (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), ideologies, values, and democratic principles (Sullivan, Piereson, & Marcus, 1982), personal characteristics like authoritarianism (Duckitt, 1993) or locus of control (Halperin,…”

“…towards minority groups (McLaren, 2003; Quillian, 1995, 1996).1 We can conclude that threat brought by a group that is subordinate to the majority has come to be seen as the single best indicator of negative attitudes towards out-groups (Paxton and Mughan, 2006; Stephan and Stephan, 2001).”

“Indeed, research shows that many Whites are anxious during interracial contact (Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai-Bell, 2001; Ickes, 1984; Shelton & Richeson, 2006; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), and are hesitant to mention race during these interactions, even when it is © 2008 Elsevier Inc.”

“Moreover, as Stephan and Stephan (2001) propose, interracial anxiety can amplify Whites’ affective reactions and consequently produce more extreme behavioral responses to Blacks than to Whites.”

“Some points regarding the history of intergroup encounters Stephan and Stephan (2001) suggest a strong relationship between the need to improve interethnic relations in the USA following the Second World War and the beginning of theoretical and practical efforts to come to grips with intergroup…”

“However, there is a dearth of rigorous field research that examines changes in attitude or behavior as a result of participation in intergroup dialogue (Dessel & Rogge, 2008; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Direct contact interventions include programs such as integrated schooling (Banks, 2009; Schofield, 1995; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), cooperative learning (Aronson & Patnoe, 1997; Johnson & Johnson, 1999; Slavin & Madden, 1979) and bilingual education (Bekerman, 2005; Cummins, 2000; Genesee &…”

“Stephan and Stephan (2001) note that the popularity of these intergroup programs rose again in the 1990s in the form of intergroup-relations programs in the workplace, primarily because the failure to address these issues would impose heavy costs on the organizations themselves, primarily through…”

“Ignorance has long been blamed as the root of prejudice (Stephan and Stephan, 2001).”

“For at least the past half century, prejudice has been a major focus of intergroup research, and prejudice reduction has been the primary target of interventions aimed at improving intergroup relations (Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Tropp & Pettigrew, 2005).”

“Many of the contemporary studies which examine the determinants of negative attitudes emphasise the role of perceived threat as a pivotal motivator of those attitudes (Scheepers et al. 2002; Stephan and Stephan 2001).”

“…that the college experience results in changes of personal identity and intergroup attitudes (Chickering & Reisser, 1993; Hogan & Rentz, 1996; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), there is a paucity of studies regarding the change of attitudes of heterosexual students toward gay, lesbian, and bisexuals…”

“Intergroup dialogues also encourage emphatic listening of each other, deep intergroup understanding, mutual respect, empathic connection between participants, and social action (Nagda & Zuniga, 2003; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“Just as multiculturalist policies typically involve education about the history and traditions of minority cultural groups, multiculturalist ideologies may also push people to learn about others’ traditions (for a review, see Rosenthal & Levy, 2010; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”

“…if we consider that (ideological) intergroup conflict forms the bases of social identities prone to polarization as well as the existence of both perceived realistic threat (competition over political power) and symbolic threat (competition over beliefs and norms) (Stephan and Stephan, 1996, 2001).”

“An important body of literature considers race, ethnicity, intergroup perception, stereotyping, the nature of prejudice, communicating racism, and interethnic conflict (Kim, 2005; Orbe & Spellers, 2005; Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Van Dijk, 1987).”

“As pointed out earlier, anxiety among participants is frequently prevalent during an intergroup contact (Stephan & Stephan, 1996; Stephan & Stephan, 2001). d unstructured intergroup contact in the digital age.”

“Psychological premises have in one way or another guided for the most part all this activity (for a review see Abu-Nimer, 1999; Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Weiner, 1998).”

“Contemporary social-psychological theories such as integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 1996, 2001) have combined a variety of threat sources that prompt bigotry (Corenblum & Stephan, 2001).”

“…active-learning strategies have produced improved learning outcomes for many STEM students (Handelsman et al., 2007) and may be particularly beneficial for underrepresented students in the life sciences (Stephan and Stephan, 2001; Haak et al., 2011; Gasiewski et al., 2012; Eddy and Hogan, 2014).”

“This study therefore indicates a link between a country’s global status and personal self-worth that was also observed by Stephan and Stephan (2001) and Paige (1993).”

“Although intergroup dialogue pedagogy attends to the psychodynamics of intergroup con¯ict (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), minimal research addresses how to understand and work with emotional responses as they occur in the actual dialogue and which are part and parcel of psychodynamic processes.”