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Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering Educators
Abstract
Preface Acknowledgments Part I. ?What Is Action Research? 1. Introduction to Action Research 2. Overview of the Action Research Process Part II. ?How Di I Begin My Action Research Study? 3. Planning for Action Research 4. Developing a Research Plan Part III. ?What Do I Do With All These Data? 5. Collecting Data 6. Analyzing Data Part IV. ?I've Got Results! ... Now What? 7. Developing an Action Plan 8. Sharing and Reflecting 9. Writing Up Action Research Appendix A. Sample Action Research Report: The Achievement Gap at Highland Park High School Appendix B. Sample Action Research Report: Motivation in Social Studies Glossary References Credits Index About the Author
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“Traditionally, many action researchers in school interventions have followed the cycle of needs assessment, development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of change [23,24]. However, the limitation of following these steps is that they suggest a logical, causal process, which is difficult to identify in a complex school system initiative [25], where changes are interacting with each other”
From The Healthy Primary School of the Future: A Contextual Action-Oriented Research Approach (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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Professional development through action research: Impact on self-efficacy
Cabaroglu, N. (2014) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2014.03.003 · Cited by 140
Andarwulan, T., Fajri, T. A. A., & Damayanti, G. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2021.14345a · Cited by 99
Cirocki, A., & Widodo, H. P. (2019) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.30466/ijltr.2019.120734 · Cited by 94
Bice, H., & Tang, H. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11044-1 · Cited by 107
“1 3 All observations followed a semi-structured format to assess the same aspects of technology use in each teacher’s classroom while also flexibly note other events and interactions observed (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodJames, F., & Augustin, D. (2017) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2017.1332655 · Cited by 71
“Defining action research as a systematic inquiry is common within the literature, and indicates that a particular procedure and structure is used in the process (Mills 2011; Stringer 2014; Mertler 2016).”
MethodWessels, E., & Wood, L. A. (2019) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v39n1a1619 · Cited by 75
“There has been much critique of this type of teacher ‘training,’ calling into question its efficacy to produce lasting change (Mertler, 2017; Stewart, 2014; Wood, L & Goba, 2011).”
BackgroundREPETITION TECHNIQUE IN AN EFL SPEAKING CLASS IN ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA
Kuliahana, A., & Marzuki, A. G. (2020) · Academic Journal Perspective Education Language and Literature · doi:10.33603/perspective.v8i1.3295 · Cited by 61
“In classroom action research, data analyses are done through reflection (Hughes & Reed, 2016; Mertler, 2019; Coghlan, 2019).”
MethodSaif, M. A. M., Hussin, N., Husin, M. M., Alwadain, A. S., & Chakraborty, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141711043 · Cited by 61
Sharp, K. J., Jarvis, J. M., & McMillan, J. M. (2018) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2018.1492639 · Cited by 60
Appio, F. P., Cacciatore, E., Césaroni, F., Crupi, A., & Marozzo, V. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-04-2023-0343 · Cited by 53
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“A more accurate term might be “polyangulation” because the sources of data can be as low as two and go above three (Mertler, 2019, p. 13).”
BackgroundRademaker, L. L., & Polush, E. Y. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197620823.003.0007 · Cited by 39
The Healthy Primary School of the Future: A Contextual Action-Oriented Research Approach
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Rotating Solids and Flipping Instruction
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Encouraging and enabling action research in innovation management
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The Flipped Classroom: High School Student Engagement Through 21st Century Learning
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Reflection as pedagogy in action research
Simmons, M., McDermott, M., Eaton, S. E., Brown, B., & Jacobsen, M. (2021) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2021.1886960 · Cited by 42
“Reflection is an essential part of action research and can be defined ‘as the act of critically exploring what you are doing, why you decided to do it, and what its effects have been’ (Mertler 2014, 13).”
BackgroundA dialogical self approach to the conceptualisation of teacher-inquirer identity
Badia, A., Liesa, E., Becerril, L., & Mayoral, P. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-019-00459-z · Cited by 42
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Barriers to Promoting Critical Thinking Skills in the Classroom
Khalid, L., Bucheerei, J., & Mohammed, I. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211036094 · Cited by 30
Amir, A., Mandler, D., Hauptman, S., & Gorev, D. (2017) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2017.1284197 · Cited by 30
“…education ARTICLE HISTORY received 20 June 2015 accepted 13 January 2017 CONTACT aliza amir lizamir62@gmail.com more meaningful, there should be a tighter connection between practical and academic experience (Hine 2013; Holter and Frabutt 2012; Kitchen and Stevens 2008; Mertler 2014; Mills 2011).”
BackgroundResearch and Reflective Practice in the ESL Classroom: Voices from Sri Lanka
Cirocki, A., Tennekoon, S., & Calvo, A. P. (2014) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2014v39n4.2 · Cited by 29
Daily Singing in a School Severely Affected by Earthquakes
Rickson, D., Legg, R., & Reynolds, D. (2018) · Teachers Work · doi:10.24135/teacherswork.v15i1.243 · Cited by 27
“It is often employed to address an identified ‘problem’; although it has also been used extensively in education contexts to examine an area of interest (Hine & Lavery, 2014; Mertler, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAction Research in Pre-Service Teacher Education: Is There Value Added?.
Lattimer, H. (2012) · Digital Commons at National Lewis University (National Lewis University) · Cited by 27
Schutz, K. M., & Hoffman, J. V. (2017) · The Reading Teacher · doi:10.1002/trtr.1592 · Cited by 26
Multi level network management – A method for managing inter-organizational innovation networks
Cap, J.-P., Blaich, E., Kohl, H., von Raesfeld, A., Harms, R., & Will, M. (2019) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2019.02.001 · Cited by 26
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Alleman, N. F., & Holly, N. (2018) · The rural educator · doi:10.35608/ruraled.v34i2.398 · Cited by 25
“American Educational Research Journal, 32, 627–658. Bauch, P. A. (2001). School-community partnerships in rural schools: Leadership, renewal, and a sense of place. Peabody Journal of Education, 76(2), 2004-221. Beaulieu, L., & Israel, G. D. (2005). It’s more than just schools: How families and communities promote stud…”
BackgroundInfluentialResearch and reflective practice in the EFL classroom: Voices from Armenia
Cirocki, A., & Farrelly, R. (2016) · Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.32601/ejal.460995 · Cited by 26
Tai, N.-C. (2022) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2022.2097241 · Cited by 24
“It is widely used in the fields of education (Sagor 2000; Mertler 2016).”
MethodUsing Digital Sandbox Gaming to Improve Creativity Within Boys’ Writing
Ellison, M., & Drew, C. (2019) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2019.1675823 · Cited by 21
“Action research in classrooms generally involves qualitative case studies to generate “ thick ” analyzes of context-specific social phenomena (Mertler, 2016; Ponterotto, 2006).”
BackgroundLeading Remotely: Competencies Required for Virtual Leadership
Azukas, M. E. (2022) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-022-00708-x · Cited by 43
“Finally, I legitimated and corroborated the coded themes, employing member checking to help improve accuracy, credibility, validity, and transferability (Creswell, 2003; Mertler, 2014).”
MethodUsing Action Research as a Signature Pedagogy to Develop EdD Students’ Inquiry as Practice Abilities
Buss, R. R. (2018) · Impacting Education Journal on Transforming Professional Practice · doi:10.5195/ie.2018.46 · Cited by 23
Supporting students to engage with case studies: a model of engagement principles
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“Observation was chosen due to its potential to capture otherwise hidden student comments and interactions (Saunders et al., 2019), and also the opportunity for triangulation of feedback from the observer, the students, and the lecturer (Mertler, 2019) after the class.”
Teaching Research and Data Use in the Education Doctorate
Firestone, W. A., Perry, J. A., Leland, A. S., & McKeon, R. T. (2019) · Journal of Research on Leadership Education · doi:10.1177/1942775119872231 · Cited by 24
“Action research has spawned relatively positivist (e.g., Mertler, 2017) and more constructivist approaches, including participant research (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 2009).”
BackgroundConceptualizing Practitioner-Scholarship for Educational Leadership Research and Practice
Lochmiller, C. R., & Lester, J. N. (2016) · Journal of Research on Leadership Education · doi:10.1177/1942775116668525 · Cited by 24
“It has been popularized by classroom teachers (Dana, 2013; Mertler, 2013; Mills, 2013; Pine, 2009) and more recently been adopted as a focus in educational leadership (Anderson et al., 2007; Hendricks, 2012; James & Milenkiewicz, 2008; Logan, 2013; Spaulding & Falco, 2012).”
BackgroundA narrative study of Iranian EFL teachers’ experiences of doing action research
Mehrani, M. B. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 21
Driessen-Willems, M. D., Bartelink, N. H. M., Bessems, K. M. H. H., Kremers, S. P. J., Kintzen, C., & van Assema, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157866 · Cited by 20
“Action-oriented research methods can facilitate the process of co-creation in a scientifically sound manner [27].”
BackgroundShin, J. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of Music · doi:10.37134/mjm.vol9.3.2020 · Cited by 20
“The process of action research consists of nine steps (Mertler, 2016).”
BackgroundFegely, A. G., & Tang, H. (2022) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-022-10174-0 · Cited by 23
Osborne, C., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, G. X. (2018) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2017.1393838 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, Mills (2011) in Mertler (2017), defines action research as a systematic inquiry conducted by those with an established interest in teaching and learning processes Figure 1.”
BackgroundAvidov‐Ungar, O., Hayak, ., & Cohen, S. (2021) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2021.1921224 · Cited by 19
Research Writing, What Do We Know and How to Move Forward
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“Today there seems to be a consensus that in order to make TEPs more meaningful for preservice teachers, there should be a tighter connection between practical and academic experience (e.g. Amir et al. 2017; Mertler 2014).”
BackgroundBrand orientation in action – A transformational learning intervention
Gromark, J. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.058 · Cited by 19
Lean Software Development in Action
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BackgroundArslan‐Ari, I., Ari, F., Grant, M. M., & Morris, W. S. (2018) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-018-0308-3 · Cited by 17
“…’ s Action Research Interacting Spiral, Lewin ’ s Action Research Spiral, and Mertler ’ s four stage procedures all contain the same underlying concept: Action research is an iterative, or recursive, process that involves observation, planning, action, and reflection or evaluation (Mertler 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPromoting Continuous Professional Development of English Teachers Through Action Research
Doğan, C., & Kırkgöz, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879211062224 · Cited by 22
“As it was echoed in several studies formerly (Author, 2013; Burns & Kurtoglu, 2014; Mertler, 2012; Mitchell, Reilly & Logue, 2009; Tomakin, 2018; Yaman, 2004), in the current study, the teachers explored what they were implementing, the reasons why they were doing it and how their act influenced them via continuous re…”
ResultNavigating the Rural Terrain: Educators' Visions to Promote Change
Vaughn, M., & Saul, M. (2018) · The rural educator · doi:10.35608/ruraled.v34i2.401 · Cited by 16
Bibi, S., Nousheen, A., & Siddiquah, A. (2024) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-09-2023-0422 · Cited by 15
Florence, E. A., & Kolski, T. (2021) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-021-00662-0 · Cited by 28
“Action research was an appropriate research design for this study because it is systematic and provides a means for improving the practice of teaching for a unique population (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodShank, E., Tang, H., & Morris, W. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10410-9 · Cited by 17
“Action research has the purposes of connecting theory with action, improving an aspect of the researcher’s sphere of influence, improving a problem for the local participants, and applying the intended benefit to all participants (Creswell & Creswell, 2018; Mertler, 2017; Sagor, 2000).”
InfluentialImpact of Competition-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Performance
MCGUIRE, M. (2025) · International Journal of Construction Education and Research · doi:10.1080/15578771.2025.2512348 · Cited by 27
“Going through cycles of implementation, evaluation and revision from one cycle to the next (Mertler, 2017).”
Kamarudin, M. Z., & Noor, M. S. A. M. (2023) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2023.2261502 · Cited by 32
“Mertler (2019) highlighted three of the most important features of action research in educational settings: connecting theory to practice, improving educational practice, and empowering teachers.”
THE USE OF VLOGGING TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL
Rahmawati, A., Harmanto, B., & Indriastuti, N. R. (2018) · EDUPEDIA · doi:10.24269/ed.v2i1.96 · Cited by 14
“…teacher counseling, education adviser, or any other who is interested and concerned in the teaching-learning process or environment with the aim of gathering information about school’ management, teachers’ teaching strategy, and their students’ learning strategy (Mills in Mertler, 2011, p. 5).”
BackgroundEmpowering Through Psychodrama: A Qualitative Study at Domestic Violence Shelters
Ron, Y., & Yanai, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600335 · Cited by 18
“Today, the term AR is used in a broader sense, to describe various kinds of research carried out by practitioners (McIntyre, 2008; Mertler, 2011).”
BackgroundPRACTICING WHAT WE TEACH: USING ACTION RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT TEACHING ACTION RESEARCH
Brown, B., Dressler, R., Eaton, S. E., et al. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Action Research · doi:10.33524/cjar.v16i3.228 · Cited by 14
Koubek, E., & Wasta, S. (2023) · Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science · doi:10.7160/eriesj.2023.160102 · Cited by 13
“We employed thematic analysis (Mertler, 2020) by first reading and rereading data multiple times as they became available and developing a preliminary coding list together prior to coding the rest of the data.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPatel, F. (2021) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2021.1963391 · Cited by 13
“Mertler (2017) described action research as a systematic enquiry conducted by teachers with”
BackgroundKlein, E. J., Taylor, M. J., Monteiro, K., Romney, W., Scipio, M., Diaz, A., Dunn, B. J., & Poole, S. (2015) · Networks An Online Journal for Teacher Research · doi:10.4148/2470-6353.1034 · Cited by 13
“43) and even fewer articles have been written from the collaborative perspective of pre-service teachers, school mentors, and university faculty (Mertler, 2011; Mitchener & Jackson, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the Impact of Grading on Teamwork Quality in a Software Engineering Capstone Course
Bastarrica, M. C., Gutiérrez, F. J., Marques, M., & Perovich, D. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3265302 · Cited by 12
“secutive Action Research cycles [6], where we studied how peer assessments varied: (1) over the three previous semesters to the explicit intervention; (2) during the semester where the new grading schema was introduced; and (3) over the two following semesters, where the whole instructional team applied the rule empha…”
BackgroundSyahmani, S., Saadi, P., Clarita, D., & Sholahuddın, A. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1760/1/012023 · Cited by 12
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning within Action Research: Promise and Possibilities.
Ryan, T. G. (2013) · Digital Commons at National Lewis University (National Lewis University) · Cited by 12
PHENOMENOGRAPHY: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPANDING THE EDUCATIONAL ACTION RESEARCH LENS
Beaulieu, R. J. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Action Research · doi:10.33524/cjar.v18i2.335 · Cited by 12
“Considerable literature on action research is associated with educational settings (Anderson, Herr & Nihlen, 1994; Glanz, 2014; McKernan, 1988; McNiff, 2005; Mertler, 2016; Mills, 2017; Sagor, 2010; Stringer, 2008), and it also has a history with industrial settings (Lewin, 1946), environmental disaster (Marsh, 2002),…”
BackgroundInfluentialTenuto, P. L. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014530729 · Cited by 13
Mammou, P., Maligkoudi, C., & Gogonas, N. (2022) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2022.2151762 · Cited by 11
Computational thinking with game design: An action research study with middle school students
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“Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify and organize data into codes and categories to construct a framework to present qualitative findings (Mertler, 2020).”
InfluentialAbeysiriwardhane, A. (2020) · Maritime Technology and Research · doi:10.33175/mtr.2021.241912 · Cited by 11
Tracey, D., Barker, K., Valuka, P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2021.1941321 · Cited by 11
“…teacher training and inclusive education: Action research became a useful tool to generate knowledge which was situation-speci fi c and context-speci fi c. Mertler (2014) states that at the core of action research is teacher improvement through identifying an issue, evaluation and critical re fl…”
MethodThe framework for the integration of computational thinking in ideation process
Azman, S. M. S., Arsat, M., & Mohamed, H. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale.2017.8252305 · Cited by 11
Fernández, D., Orazzo, E., Fry, E. K., McMain, A., Ryan, M. K., Wong, C. Y., & Begeny, C. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235065 · Cited by 12
“To this end, we developed a workshop with students, taking elements from action research (based on Mertler, 2017) and educative workshop (based on Carrasco et al., 2012) methodologies.”
Gill, A., & Stewart, O. G. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.1367 · Cited by 10
Implementing Action Research in EFL/ESL Classrooms: a Systematic Review of Literature 2010–2019
Ali, A. D. (2020) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1007/s11213-020-09523-y · Cited by 10
Building Capacity in Statistics Teacher Education
da Ponte, J. P., & Noll, J. (2017) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66195-7_14 · Cited by 13
Supporting collaborative creativity in education with The i5 Framework
Richardson, C. (2020) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2020.1810731 · Cited by 10
“They are authentic, integrated, collaborative, active, involve coaching and mentoring, focused on student learning, and occur best when teachers are able to share problems, viewpoints, ideas, and work together towards solutions (Hunzicker 2011; Mertler 2013).”
BackgroundInnovations in the Dissemination of Action Research
Henriksen, D., & Mishra, P. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119399490.ch18 · Cited by 10
Kong, J., & Pan, M. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231178465 · Cited by 12
Vaughan, M., & Mertler, C. A. (2020) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/1052684620969926 · Cited by 9
“It is a process that “allows teachers to study their own classrooms…in order to better understand them and to be able to improve their quality or effectiveness” (Mertler, 2020, p. 6).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationO’Grady-Jones, M., & Grant, M. M. (2023) · Gifted Child Today · doi:10.1177/10762175221149259 · Cited by 9
“Classroom-based research is designed to answer speci fi c problems of practice within a speci fi c setting (Mertler, 2017).”
MethodAction Research and the Development of Expertise: Rethinking Teacher Education
Riel, M. M., & Rowell, L. L. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-40523-4_40 · Cited by 9
Rademaker, L. L., & Polush, E. Y. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197620823.003.0008 · Cited by 10
Elfreda Annmary Chatman in the 21st Century
Mehra, B. (2021) · Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies · doi:10.24242/jclis.v3i3.142 · Cited by 14
DUBSLINGUISTIC Enhancing English Communication Skills among Malaysian Primary School Pupils
Samat, N. A. A., Muthu, S., & Yunus, M. M. (2019) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2019.101004 · Cited by 9
“The items were simple and precise as Glanz (2014) and Mertler (2016) stated that a questionnaire should not be lengthy and has appropriate amount of items especially for young respondents.”
BackgroundRizky, R. (2020) · ELSYA Journal of English Language Studies · doi:10.31849/elsya.v2i1.3631 · Cited by 9
The Body of Literature on Action Research in Education
Vaughan, M. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119399490.ch3 · Cited by 9
Quantitative Methods in Pharmacy Practice Research
Hussain, R., Hassali, M. A., & Babar, Z. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812735-3.00603-8 · Cited by 9
Klein, E. J., Taylor, M. J., & Forgasz, R. (2019) · Journal of Practitioner Research · doi:10.5038/2379-9951.4.2.1088 · Cited by 8
Holmes, S. R., Thompson, A. M., Herman, K. C., & Reinke, W. M. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1870868 · Cited by 9
“The use of PAR methods and CP strategies may increase the utility and flexibility of school-based intervention research (Mertler, 2019).”
MethodInvestigating a method as part of the action research process: education journey maps
Robinette, R. L. (2022) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2022.2113416 · Cited by 8
“During and after each of these cycles I reflected on what I learned intending to identify how I could improve my ability to do action research (Buss 2019; Mertler 2020).”
BackgroundChanging teachers´ practices in regular schools enrolling children with visual impairment
Mnyanyi, C. (2014) · Cited by 8
Arreguín-Anderson, M. G. (2015) · Global education review · Cited by 8
The Effect of Practicing Mental Calculation Strategies on Teacher Candidates’ Numeracy Proficiency
(2016) · International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.4n.2p.1 · Cited by 8
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“Besides, it was a proposal that involved elements of action research at a basic level (only one cycle) as described by Metler (2014) taking into account different stages: initial reflection, planning, action, observation, and reflection.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Mertler, C. A.
- Corresponding author
- Mertler, Craig A.
- ORCID
- Mertler, Craig A.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc
- Published
- 2017
- OpenAlex
- W627469496
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 23
- FWCI
- 67.57
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Keywords
- action research, school improvement, teacher empowerment, research planning, data collection, data analysis, action planning, reflective practice, sharing research results, achievement gap, student motivation, social studies education
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