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Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering Educators
Abstract
Preface Acknowledgments Part I. ?What Is Action Research? 1. Introduction to Action Research 2. Overview of the Action Research Process Part II. ?How Di I Begin My Action Research Study? 3. Planning for Action Research 4. Developing a Research Plan Part III. ?What Do I Do With All These Data? 5. Collecting Data 6. Analyzing Data Part IV. ?I've Got Results! ... Now What? 7. Developing an Action Plan 8. Sharing and Reflecting 9. Writing Up Action Research Appendix A. Sample Action Research Report: The Achievement Gap at Highland Park High School Appendix B. Sample Action Research Report: Motivation in Social Studies Glossary References Credits Index About the Author
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“Traditionally, many action researchers in school interventions have followed the cycle of needs assessment, development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of change [23,24]. However, the limitation of following these steps is that they suggest a logical, causal process, which is difficult to identify in a complex school system initiative [25], where changes are interacting with each other”
From The Healthy Primary School of the Future: A Contextual Action-Oriented Research Approach (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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A Syllogism for Designing Collaborative Learning Technologies in the Age of AI and Multimodal Data
Cukurova, M. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98572-5_22 · Cited by 9
“For instance, a researcher taking a positivist paradigm tend to form an abstraction of reality through primarily quantitative models using an experimental or quasi-experimental design with deductive hypotheses (Mertler, 2016).”
BackgroundStructuring Individual Counseling Practicum Supervision: An Action Research
Tümlü, G. Ü., & Ceyhan, E. (2021) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2021.9364 · Cited by 8
‘Out of the Box’ leadership: action research towards school improvement
Karagiorgi, Y., Afantiti-Lamprianou, T., Alexandrou-Leonidou, V., et al. (2017) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2017.1310052 · Cited by 8
Howard, C. M., Moret, L., Faulconer, J., Cannon, T., & Tomlin, A. (2018) · Networks An Online Journal for Teacher Research · doi:10.4148/2470-6353.1258 · Cited by 8
“Action research serves to help teachers reflect on their teaching and consider how they might improve their practices (Dana, 2013, Mertler, 2014).”
BackgroundRizos, I., & Gkrekas, N. (2024) · Contemporary Mathematics and Science Education · doi:10.30935/conmaths/14689 · Cited by 7
“The principle of informed consent of the subjects (Mertler, 2012) was adhered to for the ethics of the research, as consent was secured from the students and their parents, and a commitment was made at the time of writing that the principles of privacy, anonymity and confidentiality would be…”
BackgroundMIND MAPPING TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ WRITING PERFORMANCE
Pradasari, N. I., & Pratiwi, I. (2019) · LET Linguistics Literature and English Teaching Journal · doi:10.18592/let.v8i2.2395 · Cited by 7
Tackling with Refugee Children’s Problems in Turkish Schools
Doğutaş, A. (2016) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v4i8.1524 · Cited by 7
“37) The process of this study was designed as planning stage, acting stage, developing, stage and reflecting stage as suggested by Mertler (2014). The researcher followed the nine steps of Mertler to be able more organized.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSlack, A. (2019) · Cited by 7
Owen, S., & Davies, S. (2020) · London Review of Education · doi:10.14324/lre.18.3.03 · Cited by 7
“Action research involves educators acting, observing and reflecting to guide future teaching practice (Mertler, 2019; Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundImplementation and Evaluation of a Media Literacy Skills Curriculum: An Action Research Study
Erdem, C., & Erişti, B. (2022) · International Journal of Modern Education Studies · doi:10.51383/ijonmes.2022.155 · Cited by 7
“In parallel with this, it also aims to enhance the teacher’s professional judgment, and provide insights into better means of achieving intended educational outcomes (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundLuna, D., Pineda-Alfonso, J. A., García-Pérez, F. F., et al. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12070486 · Cited by 7
“This structure is ideal for the deconstruction of didactic processes and, in general, for any “research that teachers do for themselves” [55] (p.”
BackgroundHarrasi, K. T. S. A. (2023) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-023-09628-6 · Cited by 7
“The study This study followed an action research which is a systematic inquiry carried out by a teacher to identify particular instructional issues, and then develop and test an instructional intervention to illuminate and resolve the issues (Mertler, 2019).”
BackgroundCollegiate Recovery Program (CRP): Student Needs and Employee Roles
Gueci, N. (2018) · Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal · doi:10.18061/bhac.v2i2.6393 · Cited by 7
“…goal of action research is to improve practice within the setting of the researcher, as "action research is not the simple implementation of predetermined answers to educational questions; it explores, discovers, and works to find creative solutions to educational problems" (Mertler, 2014, p. 21).”
BackgroundRigor in Educational Action Research and the Construction of Knowledge Democracies
Rowell, L. L. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119399490.ch6 · Cited by 7
Cook, K. S., Fogelberg, K., Butterbrodt, P., Jolley, K., Raghavan, M., & Smith, J. R. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119852865.ch10 · Cited by 7
Teachers as Researchers: Practices, Perspectives, Problems, and a Plan of Action (4Ps)
Saro, J. M., & Taray, J. D. (2024) · American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation · doi:10.54536/ajiri.v3i3.3344 · Cited by 6
“The descriptive aspect of the design was utilized to systematically describe the practices involved in conducting action research, specifically focusing on techniques, skills, and motivations (Mertler, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEvaluation and Action Research
Rademaker, L. L., & Polush, E. Y. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197620823.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Luna, D., Pineda-Alfonso, J. A., García-Pérez, F. F., et al. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11080349 · Cited by 6
Yoo, H., & Kang, S. (2018) · Journal of Music Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/1057083718777317 · Cited by 6
“Mertler (2014) characterized action research as a four-stage cyclical process: (a) planning stage, (b) acting stage, (c) developing stage, and (d) reflecting stage.”
BackgroundJimmyns, C. A., & Meyer‐Weitz, A. (2019) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-019-09616-4 · Cited by 6
An early start to foreign language literacy in English primary school classrooms
Porter, A. (2019) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2019.1632918 · Cited by 7
Classroom-Based, Teacher-Led Action Research as a Process for Enhancing Teaching and Learning
Mertler, C. A., & Hartley, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Educational Leadership in Action · doi:10.62608/2164-1102.1056 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKolesnyk, L., & Biseth, H. (2023) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2023.2193197 · Cited by 6
“Kurt (Lewin (1946), Loughran (2006), Stringer (2007), Riel and (Rowell 2017) and others have proposed models for the action research process (Mertler 2017).”
BackgroundAsaro‐Saddler, K., Arcidiacono, M. B., & Deyoe, M. M. (2016) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2016.1145561 · Cited by 6
Amadasun, D. E. O. (2020) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 5
Preschool Teachers for Multilingual Families
Protassova, E. Y., & Silkin, S. (2025) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages10030037 · Cited by 5
Zhao, B., Chen, J., Yang, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1612745 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, engaging in research can help teachers to develop a more re fl ective and evidence-based approach to their teaching practice, which can lead to continuous improvement and innovation (64).”
Machado, P. T., Eicher, M., Delouane-Abinal, A., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12268-w · Cited by 5
“All groups were inspired by the action research methodology with a circular and iterative process of planning, acting, developing, and reflecting stages [21].”
Fostering Early Entrepreneurial Competencies
Floris, M., & Dettori, A. (2019) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1847-2.ch011 · Cited by 6
KOLABORASI PENELITI DI ERA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI
Rusdi, J. F., Baktina, T. G., Hadiningrat, R. G., Sunaryo, B., Fannya, P., & Laurenty, F. (2020) · BACA JURNAL DOKUMENTASI DAN INFORMASI · doi:10.14203/j.baca.v41i1.585 · Cited by 5
Ciampa, K., & Reisboard, D. (2020) · Teacher Development · doi:10.1080/13664530.2020.1827021 · Cited by 5
Monem, R., & Cramer, E. (2022) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2022.2047370 · Cited by 5
“The action research process has several variations with some authors suggesting four phases (i.e., Hewitt & Little, 2005; Mertler, 2019) while others propose five phases (i.e., Rust & Clark, 2007).”
BackgroundKuyenga, M. C. A., Lachney, M., & Green, B. (2022) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-022-00806-w · Cited by 5
“, the convergence, corroboration, and comparison of different forms of data (Mertler, 2017)–to construct a picture of each collaboration and understand the feasibility of race-positive CTE in the teachers’ classrooms.”
BackgroundMethodIrwin, D. A., Arslan‐Ari, I., & Morris, W. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11450-5 · Cited by 13
“In order to ensure the study’s rigor and trustworthiness, member checking, peer debriefing, triangulation, and rich descriptions were all utilized (Creswell & Creswell, 2018; Mertler, 2017).”
MethodFAKTOR KECICIRAN MURID-MURID PROGRAM PEMULIHAN KHAS SEKOLAH RENDAH DI MALAYSIA
Saidin, N. F., & Bukhari, N. A. M. (2023) · Jurnal Pengajian Melayu · doi:10.22452/jomas.vol34no1.2 · Cited by 5
Action Research on a WebQuest as an Instructional Tool for Writing Abstracts of Research Articles
Krismiyati, K. (2012) · Excellence in Higher Education · doi:10.5195/ehe.2012.45 · Cited by 5
Sum, R. K. W., & Leung, F. L. E. (2016) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2016.1221026 · Cited by 5
Written Teacher Feedback: Reflections of Year Seven Music Students
Goh, K. P. T., & Walker, R. (2018) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2018v43n12.3 · Cited by 5
“Action research is typically conceptualised as a process which involves multiple cycles of observing, collecting and synthesising data, and taking action (Mertler, 2014).”
BackgroundDeveloping Instructional Skills: Perspectives of Feedback in Student Teaching
Won, N., Liu, K., & Bukko, D. (2019) · Networks An Online Journal for Teacher Research · doi:10.4148/2470-6353.1303 · Cited by 7
“Action research was most appropriate for this study because the goal was to gain a deeper understanding of current teacher education program practices and to strengthen program components through critical analysis of feedback (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBuilding up a national network of applied R&D institutes in an emerging innovation system
Kohl, H., Will, M., Prim, M. F., et al. (2020) · Production · doi:10.1590/0103-6513.20190151 · Cited by 5
“Because of these characteristics, action research can construct a suitable framework for the application of the developed method and its iterative improvement under genuine conditions (Coughlan & Coghlan, 2002; Mertler, 2017).”
MethodExploring Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Family Engagement.
Arce, S. (2019) · Cited by 5
Language-Driven CLIL: Developing Written Production at the Secondary School Level
Guncay, J. V. C., & Ochoa, J. F. Q. (2020) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v13n8p74 · Cited by 5
“The researcher first collected qualitative data and then collected quantitative data to explain quantitative results (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundNumber Talks Benefit Fifth Graders’ Numeracy
May, P. L. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13423a · Cited by 5
Utilizing Family Involvement Activities in a Social Studies Course: An Action Research Study
Türe, H., & Deveci, H. (2020) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2020.9719 · Cited by 5
Effects of epals practices on EFL writing. An action research study with Ecuadorian students
Quezada, K. C. V., & Iñiguez, J. J. S. (2021) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.903292 · Cited by 5
“It was practioner’s led and arose as a reflection of the researcher´s own teaching practice; information was systematically collected and analyzed to make decisions for better future practice (Jhonson 2008, as cited in Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundAnkersborg, V., & Pogner, K.-H. (2022) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/int-b.2022.1466.2.07 · Cited by 6
Ryan, E., & Hurst, H. (2021) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte202131259 · Cited by 5
Influence of Demonstration Methods and Student’s Activity on Learning Outcomes
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Garuda Putih Jambi (Indonesia), U. B. (., Purdiyanto, P., Sasongko, R. N., et al. (2021) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.200 · Cited by 5
“The experimental class used the demonstration method and the control class without using the demonstration method to determine the student's mathematics learning outcomes (Mertler, 2017; Privitera, 2016; Saregar et al., 2019).”
Kızılcık, H. H., & Daloğlu, A. (2018) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2018v43n9.1 · Cited by 5
“development but also as a researcher of his or her own context, gains important information with which he or she can contribute to the body of the educational research (Mertler, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA socially inclusive teaching strategy to respond to problems of literacy in a Grade 4 class
Malebese, L. M. (2016) · Cited by 5
(Re)conceptualizing Curriculum in (Physical) Education: Focused on Wellness and Guided by Wisdom
Kilborn, M. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3j38kr8n · Cited by 4
Reducing gender-based violence : an action research among Zimbabwean youth
Maphosa, B. (2018) · doi:10.51415/10321/3114 · Cited by 5
Falk-Ross, F. C., & Evans, B. (2014) · Cited by 4
Sum, R. K. W., Magdieva, S. S., Ha, A. S. C., Tang, T., Shek, C.-F., Cheng, C. L., & Kong, F. (2016) · Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science · doi:10.1080/21640599.2016.1164942 · Cited by 7
“For the intervention, the two teacher-researchers conducted two AR cycles each with their respective class of students. each of the cycles consists of the following steps: planning, acting, developing and reflecting (Mertler, 2012) (Figure 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTeaching management in engineering schools: a practical approach
Contreras-Pacheco, O. E., Avella, A. C. P., & Calderón, A. B. (2017) · Dimensión Empresarial · doi:10.15665/rde.v15i2.1059 · Cited by 4
Carjuzaa, J., & Williams, K. B. (2021) · International Journal of Modern Education Studies · doi:10.51383/ijonmes.2021.110 · Cited by 5
Reviewing the literature to clarify self-study research
McCool, M., & Myers, J. K. (2021) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2021.1976660 · Cited by 5
A View of Current Evaluative Practices in Instrumental Music Teacher Education
Peterson, A. D. (2014) · Arts Education Policy Review · doi:10.1080/10632913.2014.948316 · Cited by 4
How Do I Know What I Think I Know? Teaching Reflection to Improve Practice
Senese, J. C. (2017) · Self-study of teaching and teacher education practices (Print)/Self-study of teaching and teacher education practices · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3431-2_6 · Cited by 4
Caldwell, P. H. Y., Lai, L. Y. W., Li, X., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2018.05.001 · Cited by 4
Teaching Qualitative Inquiry: Experiential Andragogy in Military Faculty Development Programs
Culkin, D. T. (2018) · The Journal of Continuing Higher Education · doi:10.1080/07377363.2018.1525516 · Cited by 4
“The researcher was a full participant-observer in that he fully interacted with other participants while he coordinated the data collection, data analysis, and research report with their consent (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016; Mertler, 2017).”
MethodKoutsoukos, M. (2022) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v15n3p1 · Cited by 4
“It also strengthens research by ensuring validity, as it helps to clarify issues which, using a single method, might yield plausible but inadequate results (Cohen et al., 2000; Wheeldon, 2010; Mertler, 2012).”
BackgroundEmbedding Action Research in Philippine Teacher Education
Jugar, R. R., & Cortes, S. T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9785-2_35 · Cited by 4
Miles, H., & Ari, F. (2022) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-022-00791-0 · Cited by 7
“First, action research is designed to answer questions and address a problem within its context (Brydon-Miller et al., 2003; Gebhard, 2005; Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundWu, W., Kao, H.-Y., Yan, W.-C., Wu, Y. J., & Wei, C. (2022) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-022-00391-7 · Cited by 4
“The approach empowers them to take control of their own learning (De Fazio, 2016; Mertler, 2019).”
Adjin-Tettey, T. D., & Amenaghawon, F. O. (2024) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/14134 · Cited by 6
Giralt, M., Benini, S., Murray, L., et al. (2023) · Alsic · doi:10.4000/alsic.6904 · Cited by 4
NEED ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPING SKILL-BASED MATERIALS FOR D3 NURSING STUDENTS
Yansyah, Y., Rafidiyah, D., & Nadia, H. (2019) · LET Linguistics Literature and English Teaching Journal · doi:10.18592/let.v9i1.3075 · Cited by 4
Qhosola, M. R. (2016) · Cited by 4
Action Research as Inquiry in Professional Practice Doctoral Programs
Buss, R. R. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119399490.ch14 · Cited by 4
Quantitative Methodology in Adolescent Research
Mertler, C. A. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad313 · Cited by 4
Self-citationTransforming police reporting with generative AI: Insights from the Oklahoma City Police Department
Brems, R. (2025) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x251346365 · Cited by 3
“Context-speci fi c research challenges are inherently complex, and practitioners are often best positioned to understand the nuanced limitations of their research design (Mertler, 2020).”
InfluentialClarke, M., & Soto, G. (2025) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2025_lshss-25-00044 · Cited by 3
Tohani, E. (2021) · JURNAL PENELITIAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN · doi:10.21831/jpipfip.v14i1.37569 · Cited by 3
A Heuristic Approach to Selecting Technological Tools for Writing Instruction and Support
Anson, C. M. (2022) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/int-b.2022.1466.2.03 · Cited by 3
“The perspectives also drive questions for more formal inquiry, including classroom-based research (Taber, 2013), action research (Mertler, 2020), and full-scale formal studies using a range of methods.”
BackgroundWagner, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Social Work in the Global Community · doi:10.5590/jswgc.2021.6.1.01 · Cited by 3
“Dependability was addressed through the development and application of a codebook and cross-checking of coded data by a second faculty member (see Creswell & Poth, 2018; 2014; Mertler, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodMbusi, N. P., & Luneta, K. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231179440 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, the field notes were recorded on the research site, with information captured, as much as possible, as it was spoken or observed (Mertler, 2017).”
MethodRidwan, A., & Athena, T. (2023) · ELSYA Journal of English Language Studies · doi:10.31849/elsya.v5i2.11929 · Cited by 3
Clarifying the Stages of Group Supervision through Action Research
Tümlü, G. Ü., & Ceyhan, E. (2023) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.34056/aujef.1178007 · Cited by 3
Mdodana-Zide, L., & Mukuna, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Curriculum Studies Research · doi:10.46303/jcsr.2023.27 · Cited by 3
“The study adopted a descriptive design that allowed the researchers to describe and interpret the status of the settings and conditions of the respondents (Mertler, 2014) while in their natural settings.”
Reflecting on the challenges of first-person action research in sport coaching
Castro, J., & Morgan, K. (2023) · Sports Coaching Review · doi:10.1080/21640629.2023.2275400 · Cited by 3
Self-Reflection in Teaching: Considerations on the Transformative Potential of Autoethnography
Luna, D., Pineda-Alfonso, J. A., García-Pérez, F. F., & da Costa, C. L. (2023) · Pedagogika · doi:10.15823/p.2023.151.2 · Cited by 3
Fırat, Z. S., & Dinçer, Ç. (2024) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1007/s11213-024-09680-4 · Cited by 3
“Action research is a research model that enables the realisation of the problems or problems that arise in practice and the introduction of different ways to solve them and reach a solution (Mertler 2019).”
Matteson, S., & Grant, M. M. (2024) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-024-00996-5 · Cited by 7
“Action research is an investigation carried out by practitioners with a keen interest in the improvement of classroom excellence and performance (Mertler, 2019).”
Barbour, M. K., & Azukas, M. E. (2024) · International journal of e-learning & distance education · doi:10.55667/10.55667/ijede.2024.v39.i2.1339 · Cited by 3
Rashid, S., Malik, S., & Khan, J. A. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2556354 · Cited by 3
“The iterative nature of action research was especially crucial in this setting, as Mertler (2020) notes, enabling us to make immediate pedagogical adjustments when certain TELL tools proved less effective with specific age groups or when technical challenges emerged.”
Akinyemi, A. F., & Rembe, S. (2017) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.1080/09720073.2017.1377890 · Cited by 3
“The model includes Action Research model which is a powerful tool for change and improvement at the local level (Mertler 2016).”
MethodSilbert, P., & Verbeek, C. (2016) · Journal of Education · doi:10.17159/i64a05 · Cited by 3
PRIMARY TEACHERS' READINESS OF TEACHING STEM - A STUDY AT THE NORTH MOUNTAINOUS IN VIETNAM
Hương, L. T. T., Chuyên, N. T. H., Hà, N. T. T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Education and Social Science Research · doi:10.37500/ijessr.2022.5318 · Cited by 3
“The descriptive quantitative research design purpose is to describe and interpret, the current status of an individual, setting, condition, or event (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundSarivaara, E. K., Keskitalo, P., Korte, S.-M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v9i9.4443 · Cited by 3
“However, the research process did not have several development cycles as in action research; the pilot process was more of a reflective intervention (Mertler, 2014).”
BackgroundOkoko, J. M. (2023) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9_2 · Cited by 3
Tackling a lingering infirmity: On the nature and warrant of action research in education
Hogan, P., & Malone, A. (2022) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3849 · Cited by 3
Nuranindita, M. (2023) · Indonesian Treasury Review Jurnal Perbendaharaan Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik · doi:10.33105/itrev.v8i1.590 · Cited by 3
Collaborative Reflection-on-Action as a Catalyst for Change in Middle-Level General Music
Cronenberg, S., & Tang, A. (2023) · Journal of Music Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/10570837231163248 · Cited by 3
Another Look at High-Impact Practices in Teacher Education: Linking Practices with Engagement
Koubek, E., & Rodriguez, R. J. (2023) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2023.17211 · Cited by 3
Efendi, A., Ariyani, A., & Asma, N. (2022) · ETDC Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review · doi:10.51574/ijrer.v1i4.355 · Cited by 3
Eğitim Programı Teorisine Yeniden Bakış: Taba'nın Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim Alanına Katkıları
Toptaş, H. T., & Erdem, C. (2024) · Anadolu Journal Of Educational Sciences International · doi:10.18039/ajesi.1442197 · Cited by 4
Cajas, D., & Cherres, K. (2024) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.23.7.26 · Cited by 3
Osborne, C. (2018) · TEANGA the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics · doi:10.35903/teanga.v25i0.49 · Cited by 3
“Action research is a systematic inquiry carried out by teachers or any other personnel with an established interest in teaching and learning processes or environment (Mertler, 2017).”
BackgroundWilkinson, K. (2022) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v26i1.3077 · Cited by 3
“The findings of the two analyses were integrated via a convergent process to provide a more comprehensive review of the research topic (Mertler, 2017).”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Mertler, C. A.
- Corresponding author
- Mertler, Craig A.
- ORCID
- Mertler, Craig A.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc
- Published
- 2017
- OpenAlex
- W627469496
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 23
- FWCI
- 67.57
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Keywords
- action research, school improvement, teacher empowerment, research planning, data collection, data analysis, action planning, reflective practice, sharing research results, achievement gap, student motivation, social studies education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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