Orthodoxy vs. Power: The Defining Traits of Grounded Theory

“Research that claims to be grounded often has very little to do with the original methodological precepts, using the label “grounded theory” as a shorthand for qualitative research and the lack of a well-articulated analytical strategy (Hood 2007; Titscher et al. 2000).”

“Since it was first described by Glaser and Strauss (1967), its popularity has increased significantly (Hood, 2007).”

“…2014, 2017; Corbin, 2009; Corbin & Strauss, 2015; Duchscher & Morgan, 2004; Elliot & Lazenbatt, 2005; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Hall & Callery, 2001; Hood, 2007; Hunter, Murphy, Grealish, Casey, & Keady, 2011; McCrae & Purssell, 2016; Mills et al., 2006; Morse, 2001; Ralph et al., 2015; Walker &…”

“More generally, proponents suggest that theoretical saturation replaces verifi cation as measure of success in GT (Hood 2007: 161–63).”

“Table 1 shows these features of this approach synthesised from the two authors’ positions (Hood, 2007, p. 156; Thomas, 2006, p. 241).”

“(Hood, 2007, p. 161) This seeks to make clear the different meanings and applications of saturation in grounded theory and qualitative research in general.”

“…and analysis continued until I had reached a point of ‘theoretical saturation’, whereby the categories were well developed and further data gathering was adding nothing or little new to the conceptualization (see Corbin and Strauss, 2008; Glaser and Strauss, 2008; Holton, 2007; Hood, 2007).”

“Jane Hood (2007) argues that what she terms the ‘ troublesome trinity ’ – that is, theoretical sampling, constant comparison of data to theoretical categories and focus on theory development via theoretical saturation – distinguishes GTD from any other research design.”

“Even the ‘Awareness of Dying’ study (Glaser & Strauss, 1965) from which the Grounded Theory Method was derived appears to justify theoretical saturation on the basis that all constructs that could be derived from the available population had been analyzed (Hood, 2007).”

“Our approach to sampling was contingent (Hood, 2007), hence the criteria used to sample participants evolved as understanding of the phenomenon developed.”

“Theoretical saturation calls for sampling to continue to the point where additional data provide no new information (Hood, 2007).”

“Data analysis began simultaneously with data collection, which allowed for constant comparison of data within and across participants (Hood, 2007).”

“…tenet of grounded theory is that social phenomena can be explored and understood by using a research process that is led and guided by participant experiences, resulting in a coherent theory that reveals and explains patterns reflected in those experiences (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Hood, 2007).”

“Over the years, adaptations have been made to the process (Corbin & Strauss, 2008), and three strands of grounded theory emerged: “Glaserian, Straussian and Charmazian” (Hood, 2007, p. 163).”

“Data were analyzed using a constantcomparative approach: Themes that emerged from each focus groups informed those that followed (Charmaz, 2005, 2014; Creswell, 2007; Hood, 2007; Massey, 2011).”

“Quota sampling was used to understand the prevalence of relevant Norwegian firms [75,76].”

“This form of data collection differs from conventional ethnographies, which describe all that can be observed in a given setting regardless of its theoretical relevance (Hood, 2007).”

“Hood (2007) explains that, unlike grounded theory, where coding is gained solely from the data, in inductive qualitative analysis the coding list is derived from both data and theory.”

“…case study research methodology is based on what is known as the ‘ troublesome trinity ’ (Gasson & Waters, 2013), which consists of theoretical sampling, constant comparison, and theoretical saturation, because it generates significant explanatory power that other approaches do not (Hood, 2007).”

“Data analysis began simultaneously with data collection to engage in constant comparison of data (Hood 2007).”

“This occurred when new data collection activities ceased to add further insights to the enquiry (Charmaz, 2006; Hood, 2007).”

“…does not seek strict representativeness or statistical significance due to the qualitative nature of the research methods (Bray & Ankeny, 2017b; Hood, 2007), and places greater emphasis on what was said by participants, rather than on how many participants made one particular type of claim.”

“Hood (2007) described how research questions in grounded theory must focus on process.”

“The fourth step was coding interview transcripts with constant comparative analysis (Charmaz 2006; hood 2007).”

“…participants, and the recruitment of participants ended when a sufficient level of theoretical saturation had been achieved, that point ‘determined by the discovery that additional interviews are yielding so little new information that more interviews would be a waste of time’ (Hood, 2007: 161).”

“However, this approach does not seek to generate statistically significant data or strict representativeness, due to the qualitative nature of the research methods utilised [37,38], which put greater emphasis on what participants say rather than how many participants made one particular claim.”

“This method is unique and distinct from other methods of qualitative research due to its use of constant comparative data analysis, theoretical sampling, and theoretical saturation of categories (Hood, 2010).”

“…has strongly policed boundaries; however, it can be argued that this policing is ineffective as "a great many people claiming to be using GT methods are not doing anything that would be recognizable as such even when using the most inclusive definition of the term" (HOOD, 2007, pp.151-152).”

“At this point, we considered our data robust and had reached saturation (Hood, 2007).”

“…debates.2 Because we do not have examples of past work on similar data, and thus were not able to apply an a priori model, we took an inductive approach based ongrounded theory (seeBryant andCharmaz, 2007;Corbin andStrauss, 2008; Hood, 2007;Kuckartz, 2014;Moghaddam, 2006; Suddaby, 2006; Tan, 2010).”

“…process Consistent with many grounded theorists’ practice of identifying “variations in the data and conditions associated with these variations” (Hood, 2007, p. 154; see also Charmaz, 2014; Glaser & Strauss, 1967), in this section, I explore complexities and variations related to PWPs’…”

“Participants were recruited by contingent purposive sampling (Hood, 2007), whereby the initial criteria for sampling were reiterated in response to challenges of accessibility to this participant group.”

“Features of grounded theory are (1) use of a theoretical sample, (2) constant comparison of data against theoretical categories, and (3) focus on the development of theory via thematic saturation of categories [21].”

“Hood (2007) asserts that “theoretical sampling, constant comparison of data to theoretical categories and theoretical saturation” speak to the strength and the validity of GT methodology (p. 164).”

“The participants, all of whom are experienced supervisors, were selected based on guidelines for theoretical sampling (Hood, 2007; Patton, 2015).”

“We applied theoretical sampling (Hood, 2007; Patton, 2015) by purposely selecting and adding participants to the sample until the complete descriptive range of concepts that make up the theory had emerged.”

“Instead, we utilize what has been described as the “generic inductive qualitative model” (Hood 2007; Maxwell 2005).”

“frameworks that involve psychosocial processes, and addiction-as-occupation may be best understood as a process that changes over time and is influenced by social context (Hood, 2007).”

“Analysis began simultaneously with data collection in order to compare data within and across participants and to modify the sample for theoretical saturation (Hood, 2007).”

“Due to the qualitative nature of these research methods, we did not aim to generate strict representativeness or statistical significance (Hood 2007).”

“…for the investigation of this exemplary case (by definition unique rather than sufficient for making generalistions or abstracting to the level of theory) and instead a generic qualitative inductive analysis was used in order to remain at a descriptive, rather than theorizing level (Hood, 2007).”

“We ended the data collection when we felt the “saturation point” was reached, that more interviews would add so little information that it would not be meaningful to conduct further interviews [20].”

“La selección de estudiantes se detuvo una vez lograda la saturación teórica, entendida como el momento en el cual no surgen nuevas propiedades de las categorías estudiadas (Glaser y Strauss, 1974; hood, 2010; Strauss, 1987; Strauss y Corbin, 1990; Valles, 1997).”

“In this regard, the work of Hood (2007) allows for summarizing the difference between GTM and Inductive qualitative methods: the priority of discovering new theory grounded in data.”

“More specifically, in the third phase, codes and related categories were extracted as antecedents and core antecedents behind emotions (positive/neutral/negative) and uncovered as a result of sentiment analysis (Flick, 2009; Hood, 2007).”

“This method does not have a pre-determined sample size (Hood, 2007; Teddlie and Yu, 2007), but relies on simultaneous data collection and analysis, proceeding with data collection until theoretical saturation, i.e. when the analysis shows that new interviews deliver little additional insight and do…”

“, we used existing theory in developing questions and interpreting results, as opposed to a grounded theory approach [21].”

“The investigators followed a generic inductive qualitative model (Maxwell, as cited in Hood, 2007) of qualitative analysis for this study, analyzing themes that emerged from participants’ perceptions of their caregiving process.”

“” Elliott O’Dare considered grounded theory’s offering of the generation of theory fromdata as important as the topic of intergenerational friendship is under‐researched and therefore theoretical insights on the topic were imperative (Hood, 2007; Morse, 2016).”

“GTM emphasizes steps and procedures for connecting induction and deduction through the identification of a broad research area with progressive focusing, simultaneous data collection and data analysis, constant comparison, theoretical sampling and saturation of categories.(19,20) The data analysis process in this stud…”

“(Hood, 2007) This study suggests additional research in at least two areas.”