Towards improved silage quality—A review

Charmley, E.

doi:10.4141/a00-066

Cited by 163Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAgricultural Engineering and Mechanization

Towards improved silage quality—A review

Charmley, E.·2001·Canadian Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.4141/a00-066

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Abstract

Silage quality, as with all forages, is governed by the maturity of the crop at harvest. However, fermentation in the silo further influences nutritive value of silage by reducing voluntary intake and utilization of digestible nutrients. Silage research up to the present time has focussed on closing the gap between feeding value of the original crop and that of the resulting silage. This review focuses on the advances made towards closing that gap, and explores the possibility that in the future ensiling can become a tool for actually increasing the feeding value of forages. Following a section defining silage quality, the relationships between silage fermentation quality and voluntary intake and between silage fermentation and protein and energy utilization will be examined, with emphasis placed on measures to minimize the negative effects of fermentation on animal production. Recent literature is reviewed, which suggests that many factors previously thought to reduce silage intake, such as pH, lactic acid and dry matter (DM), have, in fact, only a casual relationship with intake. Concentrations of fermentation acids do not seem closely related to silage intake; however, they are critical in determining the balance of volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in the rumen. This in turn, affects the non-glucogenic ratio and can influence milk and body composition in productive livestock. While rumen ammonia is often implicated in reducing silage intake, protein solubility may be more the causal agent than ammonia per se. Protein solubility is also a major factor in reducing the efficiency of silage protein utilization. Methods to reduce protein solubility in silages are discussed. Methods shown to improve silage feeding value include effective wilting and rapid acidification, either by direct acidification or the use of inoculants. Their widespread adoption has undoubtedly contributed to improvements in animal production from silages in recent years. Key words: Silage, feeding value, voluntary food intake, fermentation, ruminant

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Ammonia N in silage is predominantly a product of amino acids.
“Other fermentation factor related to clostridial fermentation the ammonia N in silage which is predominantly a product of amino acids [49].”
From Fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus species isolated from sweet sorghum silage and their application as silage inoculants. (2019) · cites this paper as [49]
Acetic, butyric and propionic acids are produced when undesirable bacteria ferment WSC and are considered not desirable because of their negative effect on voluntary intake.
“The other organic acids AA, BA and PA were produced when the undesirable bacteria fermented the WSC [47,48] and they are considered not desirable because of their a negative effect on the voluntary intake [49].”
From Fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus species isolated from sweet sorghum silage and their application as silage inoculants. (2019) · cites this paper as [49]
Charmley (2001) reported that silage intake is not affected by high organic acid concentrations.
“However, Charmley (2001) reported that silage intake is not affected by high organic acid concentrations.”
From Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1 (2014) · cites this paper as Charmley, 2001
Silage lactate can serve as an energy source in the rumen because some bacteria metabolize it mainly to propionate.
“In the rumen, silage lactate can be used as energy, because is metabolized primarily to propionate by some bacteria (Charmley, 2001).”
From Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1 (2014) · cites this paper as Charmley, 2001

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Charmley, E. (2002) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00296.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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The dynamics of the bacterial communities developed in maize silage
Gharechahi, J., Kharazian, Z. A., Sarikhan, S., Jouzani, G. S., Aghdasi, M., & Hosseini Salekdeh, G. (2017) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12751 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Comparison of the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and nutritive value of barley and corn silages ensiled with or without a mixed bacterial inoculant
Addah, W., Baah, J., Groenewegen, P., Okine, E. K., & McAllister, T. A. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas10071 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of body weight gain of growing feedlot cattle1
Addah, W., Baah, J., Okine, E. K., & McAllister, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4085 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria for corn silage.
Blajman, J. E., Páez, R. B., Vinderola, C. G., Lingua, M. S., & Signorini, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14084 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1
Basso, F. C., Adesogan, A. T., Lara, E. C., Rabelo, C. H. S., Berchielli, T. T., Teixeira, I. A. M. A., Siqueira, G. R., & Reis, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8258 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus species isolated from sweet sorghum silage and their application as silage inoculants.
Alhaag, H., Yuan, X., Mala, A., Bai, J., & Shao, T. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9061247 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of bacterial silage inoculants on whole-crop maize silage fermentation and silage digestibility in rams.
Nkosi, B., Meeske, R., Langa, T., & Thomas, R. (2011) · South African Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4314/sajas.v41i4.5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of inoculated grass silages on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC)
Jalč, D., Lauková, A., Váradyová, Z., Homolka, P., & Koukolová, V. (2009) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.11.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The effects of microbial inoculation of corn silage on performance of lactating dairy cows
Bayatkouhsar, J., Tahmasebi, A. M., & Naserian, A. A. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.07.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants
Dodsworth, T. L. (1954) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s002185960004524x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Relationship of Corn Silage Yields to Maturity1
Rutger, J. N. (1969) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100010023x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effects of Mechanical Forage Treatment and Surfactants on Fermentation of Grass Silage
Pauly, T., & Lingvall, P. (1999) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/090647099423944 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
THE ESTIMATION OF FEED INTAKE BY SHEEP ON A SILAGE DIET
McDonald, P., & PURVES, D. (1957) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1957.tb00088.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The nutritive value of grass silage self-fed to fattening cattle
Kerr, J. A. M., Brown, W. O., & Morrison, J. (1961) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s0003356100034127 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: Charmley, E.
Corresponding author: Charmley, E.
ORCID: Charmley, E.
Venue: Canadian Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 2001-06-01
Volume: 81
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-168
ISSN: 0008-3984 (ISSN-L)
1918-1825
DOI: 10.4141/a00-066
OpenAlex: W2009823994
Cited by: 163
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 8.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Canadian Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
Keywords: silage quality, silage fermentation, voluntary intake, nutritional value, protein solubility, rumen volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia, lactic acid, silage pH, silage inoculants, direct acidification, forage maturity, ruminant nutrition, milk composition

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Towards improved silage quality—A review

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