Factors influencing the response in intake of silage and animal performance after wilting of grass before ensiling: A review
Abstract
This review examines the response in intake of silage and animal performance after wilting of grass before ensiling. It uses data from eighty‐five published comparisons. Initial analysis identified those variables having the greatest influence on the increase in dry‐matter (DM) intake of grass silage owing to wilting. Total water loss, drying rate of the wilted material and ammonia‐N concentration of the unwilted material were the variables most closely and positively correlated to the proportional increase in DM intake as a result of wilting, with r2 values of 0·344, 0·393 and 0·240 respectively. There was little evidence of curvilinearity in any of the relationships. Stepwise regression analysis was used to identify the best multiple linear regressions for predicting the proportional increase in intake owing to wilting. Factors associated with the extent and rate of water loss in the field (total water loss and drying rate) and the quality of the unwilted material ensiled and its subsequent fermentation pattern (DM digestibility, crude protein, ammonia‐N content of unwilted silage) were the key variables in the relationship. Subsequent analysis related the increase in output of milk energy of dairy cows and liveweight gain of beef cattle to the same independent variables. This indicated that variables shown to describe the response in DM intake in the previous analysis were among those most closely related to the increases in animal performance owing to wilting of grass. To assess whether the increase in animal performance owing to wilting could be explained as a direct response to increased metabolizable energy (ME) intake of wilted compared with unwilted silages, linear relationships were derived between the increase in milk and beef production parameters and the increase in ME intake owing to wilting. From these, it was concluded that there was no clear evidence that wilting reduced the efficiency of utilization of ME in beef or dairy cattle. The present study showed that the increase in milk energy output (measured in MJ) per increase in ME intake (measured in MJ) owing to wilting was linear, with a slope of 0·19. This response from additional ME intake owing to wilting is in line with what would be anticipated when increasing ME intake by other methods.
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Recent summaries have observed few strong relationships between silage acids and intake.
“However, this tenet is controver-sial, as few strong relations between silage acids and intake have been observed in recent summaries (Steen et al., 1998;Wright et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Wright et al., 2000
The belief that high concentrations of acetic acid in silages depress dry matter intake is controversial.
“However, this tenet is controver-sial, as few strong relations between silage acids and intake have been observed in recent summaries (Steen et al., 1998;Wright et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Wright et al., 2000
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“Wright et al. (2000) revisaram 85 trabalhos sobre os fatores que afetam o consumo e o desempenho de animais alimentados com silagem de capim produzida com forragem emurchecida e concluíram que a perda total de água, a velocidade de perda de água da forragem emurchecida, as características da…”
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“Silage is an ideal method for maintaining forage because it can prolong the stable storage period of forage and help overcome the discrepancy between livestock production and the seasonal imbalance of available high-quality forage (Wright et al., 2000).”
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“This is consistent with the results of other studies (Wright et al., 2000) which reported that, although wilting generally results in increased DMI, responses in animal performance have often been negative or small.”
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“Silage making helps to reduce seasonal imbalance between feed demand for livestock and the high-quality forage available, extending forage storage life (Wright et al., 2000).”
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“The application of silage not only effectively maintains the fresh green state of forage but also reduces nutrient loss; it can also alleviate the shortage of green feed in Northeast China in winter (Gordon and Steen, 2000).”
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PRODUCTION RESULTS OF DAIRY COWS FED GRASS AND ALFALFA SILAGE WITH A DIFFERENT DEGREE OF WILTING
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“The rate of wilting affects both the quality of the silage (Dawson et al., 1999; Wright et al., 2000) and the intake responses (Yan et al., 1998).”
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“Additionally, this research should investigate the effect of wilting rate per se in addition to final DM content, as both have been shown to affect intake by livestock [48].”
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“Many earlier data evaluations have reported positive association between silage DM concentration and DMI (Steen et al. 1998, Wright et al. 2000, Huhtanen et al. 2007).”
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“Silage intake is affected by the digestibility and content of cell walls (Dawson et al., 1999; Wright et al., 2000), the content of fermentation products, and modifications of carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions during fermentation (Huhtanen et al., 2002).”
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“proper wilting will be favorable to the animal production from the views of reducing silage effluent (Bastiman, 1976; Castle and Watson, 1973) and increasing intake and performance of animals (Marsh, 1979; Wright et al., 2000).”
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“Um melhor desempenho dos animais irá depender de um 17 possível aumento no consumo de energia metabolizável com o incremento do consumo de matéria seca (Wright et al., 2000).”
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“Based on data from 85 published comparisons, Wright et al. (2000) concluded that there was no clear evidence that wilting reduced the efficiency of utilization of ME in growing cattle or in milk production.”
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Silage Quality of Some Italian Ryegrass Varieties Grown in Sivas Ecological Conditions
Sarıkaya, M. F., Tatar, M., Kökten, K., YÜCE, İ., Çilesiz, Y., & Karaköy, T. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science · doi:10.51801/turkjrfs.1427478 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paziani, S. D. F., Nussio, L. G., Loures, D. R. S., Schmidt, P., Zopollatto, M., & Ribeiro, J. L. (2009) · Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences · doi:10.4025/actascianimsci.v31i4.5782 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…procedimento que eleva o consumo de silagens (TELLER et al., 1993; LOURES et al., 2005b) por diminuir a umidade, a presença de ácidos da fermentação, etanol e compostos nitrogenados solúveis como amônia (ALLEN, 2000; WRIGHT et al., 2000), o benefício dessa prática não foi observado neste trabalho.”
BackgroundEvaluation of the feed intake models in the Nordic feed evaluation system NorFor
Krizsan, S. J., Höjer, A., Huuskonen, A. K., Hetta, M., & Huhtanen, P. J. (2014) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064702.2014.929168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Many earlier data evaluations have reported positive association between forage DM concentration and DMI (e.g. Offer et al., 1998; Steen et al., 1998; Wright et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSüt sığırlarında silaj fermantasyon son ürünlerinin yem tüketimi ve süt verimi üzerine etkisi
Kahraman, O., İnanç, Z. S., ŞİŞMAN, D., & DEMİRCİ, E. (2024) · Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi · doi:10.33188/vetheder.1284911 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Holmström, K., de Sousa, D. O., & Hessle, A. (2024) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064702.2024.2387581 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“An increased DM content of silage is known to have a positive effect at intake, at least up to about 35% DM content (Wright & Steen, 2000).”
Efna- og eðliseiginleikar votheys í rúlluböggum
Sveinsson, Þ. (2001)
VELOCIDAD DE SECADO DE ALFALFA BAJO DIFERENTES CONDICIONES DE SECADO ARTIFICIAL
Ernesto Jahn, B., Rodrigo Avilés, R., & Barrales, L., V (2004) · Agricultura Técnica · doi:10.4067/s0365-28072004000200005
Effect of herbage mass per unit area and conditioning treatment on herbage drying rate
Frost, J. P., & Binnie, R. C. (2001) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00264.x
Towards improved silage quality - A review 1
Canada, A.-F., & Scotia, N. (2001)
Impacto de los forrajes conservados sobre los sistemas de cria vacuna
Arroquy, J. I., de Cuenca, U., de Cuenca, D. D. I. D. L. U., & DIUC (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Foroughi, A. R., Saremi, B., & Rahimi, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1752756200027599
(2021) · American Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.28933/ajar-2020-11-1205
Whole-crop pea-oat silages in dairy production
Rondahl, T. (2007) · Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))
The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling and bacterial inoculation on milk composition
Patterson, D. C., Yan, T., & Gordon, F. J. (2000) · BSAP Occasional Publication · doi:10.1017/s1463981500040760
Alami, L., Otmani, M., Mrabet, A. E., Oussama, A., Salmaoui, S., Mbarki, M., & Orche, A. E. (2025) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-025-03218-5
“Also to extend the storage period, thus making it possible to overcome the seasonal imbalance between animal demand and very good fodder quality [18, 19 ].”
- Authors
- Wright, Gordon, Steen, & Patterson
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wright
- Venue
- Grass and Forage Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0142-5242 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2494
- OpenAlex
- W1562292809
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Grass and Forage Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Keywords
- grass silage, dry matter intake, animal performance, dairy cattle, beef cattle, milk energy output, liveweight gain, ammonia-N, silage fermentation, water loss, drying rate, silage quality
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