Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns
Open accessAbstract
This review on research on life cycle carbon accounting examines the complexities in accounting for carbon emissions given the many different ways that wood is used. Recent objectives to increase the use of renewable fuels have raised policy questions, with respect to the sustainability of managing our forests as well as the impacts of how best to use wood from our forests. There has been general support for the benefits of sustainably managing forests for carbon mitigation as expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007. However, there are many integrated carbon pools involved, which have led to conflicting implications for best practices and policy. In particular, sustainable management of forests for products produces substantially different impacts than a focus on a single stand or on specific carbon pools with each contributing to different policy implications. In this article, we review many recent research findings on carbon impacts across all stages of processing from cradle-to-grave, based on life cycle accounting, which is necessary to understand the carbon interactions across many different carbon pools. The focus is on where findings are robust and where uncertainties may be large enough to question key assumptions that impact carbon in the forest and its many uses. Many opportunities for reducing carbon emissions are identified along with unintended consequences of proposed policies.
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Wood products have potential as long-term stores of carbon, particularly when used in long-lived buildings, the lifespans of which can be conservatively estimated at 80-100 years.
“Wood products have potential as long-term stores of carbonparticularly when used in long-lived buildings, the lifespans of which can be conservatively estimated at 80-100 years 59 .”
From The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
The ‘Life cycle forest, product & integrated processing energy carbon pools’ section describes wood in housing and similar buildings as long-lived carbon storage and estimates a useful life of 80 years for US housing. It also says newer housing may last more than 80 years, but it does not give a 100-year upper estimate or call the 80–100-year range conservative. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder certain highly specific circumstances, CO2 utilization in wood products occurs in addition to direct CO2 removal by forests; sustainable harvesting can maintain carbon stocks in forests while providing a source of renewable biomass.
“The utilization of CO 2 in wood products will occur in addition to the direct removal of CO 2 by forests under certain highly specific circumstances; sustainable harvesting can maintain carbon stocks in forests while providing a source of renewable biomass 58,59 .”
From The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Lippke, B., Oneil, E., Harrison, R., Skog, K., Gustavsson, L., & Sathre, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Forest Products Laboratory (US)
- Linnaeus University (SE)
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- ORCID
- Sathre, Roger
- Venue
- Carbon Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 303-333
- ISSN
- 1758-3004 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-3012
- OpenAlex
- W2153572903
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 19.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Carbon Management (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agricultural and Food Sciences
- Keywords
- forest management, wood utilization, carbon mitigation, carbon pools, renewable fuels, sustainable forest management, life cycle emissions, forest carbon policy, unintended consequences of policy, wood products
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