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Cited by 752Bioeconomy and Sustainability DevelopmentBioenergy crop production and managementForest Biomass Utilization and Management

Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment

Open access
Creutzig, Felix, Ravindranath, N. H., Berndes, Göran, Bolwig, Simon, Bright, Ryan, Cherubini, Francesco, Chum, Helena, Corbera, Esteve +14 more·2015·GCB Bioenergy
DOI 10.1111/gcbb.12205
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Abstract

Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land‐use and energy experts, land‐use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life‐cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end‐use efficiency, improved land carbon‐stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed,BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small‐scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100–300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245 EJ yr−1 to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large‐scale deployment (>200 EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2° degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land‐intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options.

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  • Findingreasoning
    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    Assuming actual savings average 30-60% of current consumption, the total bioenergy potential from reducing traditional bioenergy demand is estimated at 8-18 EJ yr−1.

    “Assuming that actual savings reach on average from 30% to 60% of current consumption, the total bioenergy potential from reducing traditional bioenergy demand can be estimated at 8 -18 EJ yr 1 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Actual savings from improved traditional biomass end-use efficiency average 30–60% of current consumption.
  • Findingreasoning
    § Beccs · p. 7

    Until 2050, the economic potential of BECCS is anywhere between 2 and 10 Gt CO2 per year.

    “Altogether, until 2050 the economic potential is anywhere between 2 and 10 Gt CO2 per year.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning
    § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12

    Studies report very different life-cycle impact values depending on the chosen boundaries of analysis, site-specific effects, and management methods.

    “The figure reveals that studies find very different values depending on the boundaries of analysis chosen, site-specific effects and management methods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Different choices of bioenergy feedstocks, land-use restrictions, and current and future management significantly affect simulated bioenergy crop yields.

    “Different choices of bioenergy feedstocks (1st vs. 2nd generation but also woody vs. herbaceous cellulosic), land-use restrictions and current, as well as future management (such as irrigation vs. rainfed) for bioenergy production significantly affect simulated bioenergy crop yields.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Cost-effective allocation of bioenergy within the energy system varies across models.

    “However, the cost-effective allocation of bioenergy within the energy system varies across models.”
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    § Abstract · p. 2

    The sustainable technical bioenergy potential is up to 100 EJ with high agreement, 100-300 EJ with medium agreement, and above 300 EJ with low agreement.

    “We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100 -300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement.”
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    Findingnone given
    § Beccs · p. 7

    The economic potential of BECCS is uncertain but could lie in the range of 2-10 Gt CO2 per year in 2050.

    “Key point 2: The economic potential of BECCS is uncertain but could lie in the range of 2 -10 Gt CO2 per year in 2050.”
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    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    In some models, food demand reacts to food prices and lower food demand is observed in mitigation scenarios.

    “In some models food demand reacts to food prices and lower food demand is observed in mitigation scenarios.”
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    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Other models emphasize afforestation as an alternative to bioenergy as a land-based carbon sequestration strategy.

    “Other models emphasize afforestation as an alternative to bioenergy as land-based carbon sequestration strategy.”
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    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    In other models, food demand is prescribed exogenously and therefore does react on higher food prices.

    “In other models, food demand is prescribed exogenously and therefore does react on higher food prices.”
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    Findingnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    In some models, nature conservation areas are not available for cropland expansion.

    “In some models nature conservation areas are not available for cropland expansion.”
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    Findingnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    The sustainable technical potential of bioenergy is estimated as up to 100 EJ with high agreement, 100-300 EJ with medium agreement, and above 300 EJ with low agreement.

    “We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100 -300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement.”
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    Findingnone given
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    Across integrated models, there are very different potential landscape transformation visions in all regions.

    “However, across models, there are very different potential landscape transformation visions in all regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingreasoning
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    In idealized implementation scenarios, energy cropland and forest land expand in many regions, with some models showing very strong forest expansion and others very little by 2030.

    “In idealized implementation scenarios, there is expansion of energy cropland and forest land in many regions, with some models exhibiting very strong forest land expansion and others very little by 2030.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingreasoning
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    Land conversion is increased in 450 ppm scenarios compared to 550 ppm scenarios, but at a declining share, consistent with a declining land-related mitigation rate with policy stringency.

    “Land conversion is increased in the 450 ppm scenarios compared to the 550 ppm scenarios, but at a declining share, a result consistent with a declining land-related mitigation rate with policy stringency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 4

    Different views about sustainability and socioecological constraints lead to very different estimates, with some studies reporting much lower figures.

    “As stated, different views about sustainability and socioecological constraints lead to very different estimates, with some studies reporting much lower figures.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § Introduction · p. 3

    The consequences of bioenergy implementation depend on the technology used, location, scale and pace, land category, governance systems, and business models and practices including integration with or displacement of existing land use.

    “The consequences of bioenergy implementation depend on (i) the technology used; (ii) the location, scales and pace of implementation; (iii) the land category used (forest, grassland, marginal lands and crop lands); (iv) the governance systems; and (v) the business models and practices adopted, including how these integrate with or displace the existing land use.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 5

    How much land is really unused and available for energy crops is contested.

    “However, how much land is really unused and available is contested”
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    • cites Erb et al., 2007

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    • cites Haberl et al., 2010, 2011

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    • cites Coelho et al., 2012

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    Premisecitation
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 5

    Organic waste may be dispersed and heterogeneous in quality, but collection and proper management through combustion or anaerobic digestion can yield significant health and environmental gains.

    “Organic waste may be dispersed and heterogeneous in quality but the health and environmental gains from collection and proper management through combustion or anaerobic digestion can be significant.”
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    • cites Gregg & Smith, 2010

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    • cites Haberl et al., 2010

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract · p. 2

    High deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could cause detrimental climate effects and negatively affect ecosystems, biodiversity, and livelihoods.

    “but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves, and small-scale power generation for rural areas can promote energy access and sustainable development while reducing emissions.

    “Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions.”
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    Premisecitation
    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 4

    Many studies agree that technical bioenergy potential in 2050 is at least approximately 100 EJ yr−1, with some modeling assumptions leading to estimates exceeding 500 EJ yr−1.

    “Many studies agree that the technical bioenergy potential in 2050 is at least approximately 100 EJ yr 1 with some modeling assumptions leading to estimates exceeding 500 EJ yr 1 (Smeets et al. , 2007).”
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    • cites Smeets et al., 2007

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    Interpretationcitation
    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 3

    Discussion after these global reports has not produced consensus on the magnitude of future global technical bioenergy potential but has improved understanding of its structural determinants.

    “The discussion following the publication of these global reports has not resulted in a consensus on the magnitude of the future global technical bioenergy potential, but has helped to better understand some of its many structural determinants”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Berndes et al., 2013

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    • cites Erb et al., 2012

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    • cites Wirsenius et al., 2010

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Integrating bioenergy systems into agricultural and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address environmental impact concerns.

    “The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 4

    Reducing traditional biomass demand by increasing use efficiency could release saved biomass for other energy purposes with large sustainable development benefits.

    “reducing traditional biomass demand by increasing its use efficiency could release the saved biomass for other energy purposes with large benefits from a sustainable development perspective.”
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    Premisecitation
    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 3

    The Global Energy Assessment gave a global technical bioenergy potential range of 160-270 EJ yr−1.

    “the Global Energy Assessment gave a range of 160 -270 EJ yr 1 (Johansson et al. , 2012).”
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    • cites Johansson et al., 2012

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 5

    Optimizing forest management for mitigation is complex, uncertain, and still scientifically debated.

    “In particular, optimizing forest management for mitigation is a complex issue with many uncertainties and still subject to scientific debate”
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    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 3

    A large body of literature has been published since SRREN that complements and updates its analysis.

    “there has been a large body of literature published since SRREN, which complement and update the analysis presented in this last report;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Bioenergy deployment has substantial potential for mitigating climate change but also entails considerable risks.

    “Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 4

    Harvesting agricultural residues may cause adverse side effects such as loss of soil carbon and fertility, which may affect mitigation potential but are difficult to assess at large scales because they depend on crops, climate, and soil conditions.

    “However, there may be adverse side effects -such as the loss of soil C and associated loss of fertility -associated to harvesting agriculture residues -which may affect the mitigation potential, but are difficult to assess on large scales as they depend on the specific combination of crops, climate and soil conditions (Kochsiek & Knops, 2012).”
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    • cites Kochsiek & Knops, 2012

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    Premisecitation
    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 3

    SRREN reported global technical bioenergy potentials of 50-500 EJ yr−1 for 2050.

    “the SRREN reported global technical bioenergy potentials of 50 -500 EJ yr 1 for the year 2050 (Chum et al. , 2011)”
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    • cites Chum et al., 2011

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    § How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050 · p. 3

    There is no standard methodology for estimating technical bioenergy potential, which leads to diverging estimates.

    “There is no standard methodology to estimate the technical bioenergy potential, which leads to diverging estimates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Cellulosic feedstocks, greater end-use efficiency, better land carbon-stock management, residue use, and fully developed BECCS are among the most promising bioenergy options, subject to development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management.

    “Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 4

    Densification and storage technologies would enable cost-effective collection of agriculture and forestry residues over larger areas.

    “Densification and storage technologies would enable cost-effective collections over larger areas.”
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    Premisenone given
    § Introduction · p. 3

    Bioenergy is important for many sectors and mitigation perspectives and for development goals such as energy security and rural development.

    “bioenergy is important for many sectors and mitigation perspectives as well as from the perspective of developmental goals such as energy security and rural development.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 5

    Some studies identify a sizable technical potential up to 100 EJ yr−1 for bioenergy from marginal and degraded lands not currently used for crop production or grazing.

    “Some studies have identified a sizable technical potential (up to 100 EJ yr 1 ) for bioenergy production using marginal and degraded lands (e.g., saline land) that are currently not in use for crop production or grazing (Nijsen et al. , 2012).”
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    • cites Nijsen et al., 2012

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    Premisecitation
    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    Advanced woodburning and biogas stoves can further reduce CO2 emissions, and in many cases black carbon emissions, by up to 90%.

    “and further reduce CO2 emissions, and in many cases black carbon emissions, by up to 90% (Anenberg et al. , 2013).”
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    • cites Anenberg et al., 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § Conversion technologies · p. 7

    The number of routes from biomass to biofuels includes hydrocarbons connecting to the fossil fuel industry via thermal or catalytic routes such as gasification and pyrolysis.

    “The number of routes from biomass to a broad range of biofuels, shown in Fig. 2, includes hydrocarbons connecting today's fossil fuels industry in familiar thermal/ catalytic routes such as gasification (Larson et al. , 2012) and pyrolysis”
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    • cites Bridgwater, 2012

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    • cites Elliott, 2013

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    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    An unknown fraction of global traditional biomass is consumed unsustainably, leading to forest degradation and deforestation.

    “An unknown fraction of global traditional biomass is consumed in a nonenvironmentally sustainable way, leading to forest degradation and deforestation.”
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    Interpretationcitation
    § Beccs · p. 7

    Realization of a lignocellulosic biomass supply infrastructure for large-scale commodity feedstock production and efficient advanced conversion technologies at scale is critical to overall CO2 storage; both benefit from cost reductions and technological learning.

    “Critical to overall CO2 storage is the realization of a lignocellulosic biomass supply infrastructure for largescale commodity feedstock production and efficient advanced conversion technologies at scale; both benefit from cost reductions and technological learning as does the integrated system with CCS”
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    • cites IEA, 2012, 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § Conversion technologies · p. 6

    Development of biofuel standards enabled domestic and transatlantic flights testing of 50% biofuel in jet fuel.

    “The development of biofuel standards enabled domestic and transatlantic flights testing of 50% biofuel in jet fuel (REN21, 2012, 2013).”
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    § Beccs · p. 7

    There are 16 global BECCS projects in the exploration stage.

    “Altogether there are 16 global BECCS projects in the exploration stage (Karlsson & Bystr € om, 2011).”
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    • cites Karlsson & Byström, 2011

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    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    If biomass saved through better technology could be used, it would help restore local ecosystems.

    “If that biomass could be saved through better technology, this would help restoring local ecosystems' (HH).”
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    Interpretationcitation
    § Beccs · p. 7

    A nascent feedstock infrastructure for densified biomass trading globally could indicate decreased pressure on the need for closely colocated storage and production.

    “A nascent feedstock infrastructure for densified biomass trading globally could indicate decreased pressure on the need for closely colocated storage and production”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites IEA, 2011

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    • cites Junginger et al., 2014

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    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    Cooking is the dominant end use of traditional bioenergy, mostly in open fires and rudimentary stoves with approximately 10-20% conversion efficiency, leading to very high primary energy consumption.

    “Cooking is the dominant end use; it is mostly done in open fires and rudimentary stoves, with approximately 10 -20% conversion efficiency, leading to very high primary energy consumption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Reduced traditional biomass demand · p. 5

    Traditional bioenergy represents approximately 15% of total global energy use and 80% of current bioenergy use, about 35 EJ yr−1, and helps meet cooking and heating needs of about 2.7 billion people.

    “Traditional bioenergy represents approximately 15% of total global energy use and 80% of current bioenergy use ( 35 EJ yr 1 ) and helps meeting the cooking and heating needs of ~ 2.7 billion people (Chum et al. , 2011).”
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    • cites Chum et al., 2011

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    Premisecitation
    § Conversion technologies · p. 7

    Advances in genomic technology and integration between engineering, physics, chemistry, and biology point to new approaches in biomass conversion, such as biomolecular engineering.

    “advances in genomic technology and the integration between engineering, physics, chemistry, and biology points to new approaches in biomass conversion (Liao & Messing, 2012), such as biomolecular engineering”
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    • cites Liao & Messing, 2012

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    § Beccs · p. 7

    The Illinois Basin-Decatur Project is the most relevant BECCS project and is projected to store 1 Mt CO2 yr−1.

    “The most relevant BECCS project is the Illinois Basin -Decatur Project (IBDP) that is projected to store 1 Mt CO2 yr 1”
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    • cites Gollakota & McDonald, 2012

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    • cites Senel & Chugunov, 2013

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    § Conversion technologies · p. 6

    In most cases, powering electric cars with electricity from biomass has higher land-use efficiency and lower GWP effects than using bioethanol from biofuel crops for road transport across a range of feedstocks, conversion technologies, and vehicle classes, though costs remain a barrier.

    “In most cases, powering electric cars with electricity from biomass has higher landuse efficiency and lower GWP effects than the usage of bioethanol from biofuel crops for road transport across a range of feedstocks, conversion technologies, and vehicle classes (Campbell et al. , 2009; Schmidt et al. , 2011), though costs remain a barrier”
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    • cites Campbell et al., 2009

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    Premisereasoning
    § Beccs · p. 7

    BECCS differs from fossil CCS because it not only reduces CO2 emissions by storing carbon in long-term geological sinks but also continually sequesters CO2 from the air through regeneration of biomass feedstock.

    “BECCS is markedly different than fossil CCS because it not only reduces CO2 emissions by storing C in long term geological sinks, but it continually sequesters CO2 from the air through regeneration of the biomass resource feedstock”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Conversion technologies · p. 6

    Coupling biomass and natural gas for fuels is another option for liquid fuels as biomass gasification technology develops.

    “Coupling of biomass and natural gas for fuels is another option for liquid fuels (Baliban et al. , 2013) as the biomass gasification technology development progresses.”
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    • cites Baliban et al., 2013

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    § Beccs · p. 7

    Koornneef et al. estimate overall technical potential around 10 Gt CO2 storage per year for IGCC-CCS cofiring and BIGCC-CCS, around 6 Gt CO2 for FT diesel, and 2.7 Gt CO2 for biomethane production.

    “Koornneef et al. (2012, 2013) estimate the overall technical potential to be around 10Gt CO2 storage per year for both IGCC-CCS cofiring (i.e., Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle with cogasification of biomass), and BIGCC-CCS (Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle), and around 6 Gt CO2 storage for FT diesel (i.e., Biodiesel based on gasification and Fischer -Tropsch synthesis), and 2.”
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    • cites Koornneef et al., 2012, 2013

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    Premisereasoning
    § Beccs · p. 7

    BECCS features prominently in long-run mitigation scenarios because negative emissions may allow shifting emissions in time and can compensate for residual emissions in other sectors, especially transport, in the second half of the 21st century.

    “BECCS features prominently in long-run mitigation scenarios for two reasons: (i) The potential for negative emissions may allow shifting emissions in time; and (ii) Negative emissions from BECCS can compensate for residual emissions in other sectors (most importantly transport) in the second half of the 21st century.”
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    § Forest and agriculture residues · p. 5

    Many scientists agree that increases in food crop yields, higher feeding efficiencies, and lower consumption of animal products would result in higher technical bioenergy potential.

    “Many scientists agree that increases in food crop yields and higher feeding efficiencies and lower consumption of animal products would result in higher technical bioenergy potential.”
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    Premisenone given
    § Beccs · p. 7

    Bioenergy products commonly have lower energy density than fossil alternatives, and supply chains may be associated with higher GHG emissions.

    “However, bioenergy products commonly have lower energy density than their fossil alternatives and supply chains may be associated with higher GHG emissions.”
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    Premisenone given
    § 8 F. CREUTZIG et al. · p. 9

    Fischer-Tropsch diesel would allow net removal but at lower rates than BIGCC.

    “FischerTropsch diesel would also allow net removal but at lower rates than BIGCC.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Cookstoves · p. 10

    Advanced combustion biomass cookstoves reduce fuel use by more than 60% and hazardous pollutants and short-lived climate pollutants by up to 90%.

    “Advanced combustion biomass cookstoves reduce fuel use by more than 60% and hazardous pollutant as well as short-lived climate pollutants by up to 90% (Kar et al. , 2012; Anenberg et al. , 2013).”
    • Also stated in: § Cookstoves · p. 10 · plain
      “Key point 3: Advanced combustion biomass cookstoves reduce fuel use by more than 60% and hazardous pollutant as well as short-lived climate pollutants by up to 90%.”
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    • cites Kar et al. , 2012

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    • cites Anenberg et al. , 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Bioenergy systems have often been assessed under the assumption that CO2 from biomass combustion is climate neutral because carbon previously sequestered is returned to the atmosphere if the system is managed sustainably.

    “Bioenergy systems have often been assessed (e.g., in LCA studies, integrated assessment models, policy directives) under the assumption that the CO2 emitted from biomass combustion is climate neutral because the carbon that was previously sequestered from the atmosphere is returned to the atmosphere in combustion if the bioenergy system is managed sustainably (Chum et al. , 2011; Creutzig et al. ,”
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    • cites Creutzig et al. , 2012a,b

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    Premisecitation
    § 8 F. CREUTZIG et al. · p. 9

    Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel production with biomass feedstock and CCS attached to plant facilities could enable BECCS for transport; uncertainties in input factors and output metrics warrant further research.

    “Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel production with biomass as feedstock and CCS attached to plant facilities could enable BECCS for transport; uncertainties in input factors and output metrics warrant further research (Van Vliet et al. , 2009);”
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    § Cookstoves · p. 10

    Biomass feedstocks for small-scale systems could come from crop and forest residues, livestock wastes, and small-scale energy plantations.

    “The biomass feedstocks for these small-scale systems could come from residues of crops and forests, wastes from livestock production and/or from small-scale energy plantations (Faaij, 2006).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Cookstoves · p. 10

    Innovative cookstove designs include micro-gasifiers, thermoelectric generators, advanced combustion chambers, and multi-use stoves.

    “Innovative designs include micro-gasifiers, stoves with thermoelectric generators to improve combustion efficiency and provide electricity to charge LED lamps while cooking, stoves with advanced combustion chamber designs and multi-use stoves (e.g., cooking and water heating for bathing) ( € Urge-Vorsatz et al. , 2012; Anenberg et al. , 2013).”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 9

    Microalgae's high-end technical potential might be compromised by water supply if produced in arid land, or by its impact on ocean ecosystems.

    “Its high-end technical potential might be compromised by water supply, if produced in arid land, or by its impact on ocean ecosystems.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 10

    Lignocellulosic feedstocks can be bred for energy and harvested by combining collection and preprocessing in depots before conversion, potentially enabling more uniform year-round delivery.

    “In addition, lignocellulosic feedstocks can be bred specifically for energy purposes, and can be harvested by coupling collection and preprocessing (densification and others) in depots prior to final conversion, which could enable delivery of more uniform feedstocks throughout the year (Eranki & Dale, 2011; US DOE, 2011; Argo et al. , 2013).”
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    § Beccs · p. 7

    McLaren estimates potential capacity between 2.4 and 10 Gt CO2 per year for 2030-2050.

    “McLaren (2012) estimates the potential capacity (similar to technical potential) to be between 2.4 and 10 Gt CO2 per year for 2030 -2050.”
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    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 9

    Biofuels technologies for transport from lignocellulosic feedstocks, short rotation woody crops, and crop residues, including collection and delivery, are developing, so larger ranges are expected than for more mature commercial technologies such as sugarcane ethanol and WCO biodiesel.

    “Note that the biofuels technologies for transport from lignocellulosic feedstocks, short rotation woody crops, and crop residues, including collection and delivery, are developing so larger ranges are expected than for more mature commercial technologies such as sugarcane ethanol and WCO biodiesel.”
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    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 9

    Microalgae offer an alternative to land-based bioenergy.

    “Microalgae offer an alternative to land-based bioenergy.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 9

    Narrow ranges in reported life-cycle emissions may be an artifact of the number of studies for a given case.

    “Note that narrow ranges may be an artifact of the number of studies for a given case.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Beccs · p. 8

    Possible climate risks of BECCS relate to reduction of land carbon stock, feasible scales of biomass production, increased N2O emissions, and potential leakage of CO2 stored in deep geologic reservoirs.

    “Possible climate risks of BECCS relate to reduction of land carbon stock, feasible scales of biomass production and increased N2O emissions, and potential leakage of CO2 stored in deep geologic reservoirs (Rhodes & Keith, 2008).”
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    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 10

    Crops suitable for marginal land can compete with food crops unless land prices rise to make marginal cultivation preferable, so land-use competition can still arise.

    “Crops suitable for cultivation on marginal land can compete with food crops unless land prices rise to make cultivation on marginal land preferable, i.e., land-use competition can still arise.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Beccs · p. 8

    Values of CO2-equivalent emissions from bioenergy process chains are uncertain and depend on the production chain and how biomass is sourced.

    “Values are uncertain and depend on the production chain as well as what and how biomass is sourced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 10

    Bioenergy systems directly influence climate through non-CO2 GHG emissions of short-lived GHGs and non-CO2 GHGs from land management and soil biogeochemistry.

    “(iv) non-CO2 GHG emissions of short-lived GHGs like black carbon and other chemically active gases (NOx, CO, etc.) (Jetter et al. , 2012; Tsao et al. , 2012) and non-CO2 GHGs from land management and perturbations to soil biogeochemistry, e.g., N2O from fertilizers, and CH4 (Cai et al. , 2001);”
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    § Microalgea and cellulosic biofuels · p. 9

    Variations in CH4 leakage of biogas systems lead to a broad range of life-cycle emissions.

    “Variations in CH4 leakage of biogas systems leads to a broad range of life-cycle emissions.”
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    Premisecitation
    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Climate impacts can be quantified at different points along a cause-effect chain, from emissions to changes in temperature and sea level rise.

    “As shown in the Working Group I of the AR5 (Myhre & Shindell, 2013) and elsewhere (Plattner et al. , 2009; Fuglestvedt et al. , 2010), the climate impacts can be quantified at different points along a cause-effect chain, from emissions to changes in temperature and sea level rise.”
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    § Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions · p. 11

    For first-generation crop-based biofuels, N2O emissions from agricultural soils are the single largest contributor to direct GHG emissions and one of the largest contributors across many biofuel production cycles.

    “for first-generation crop-based biofuels, as with food crops, emissions of N2O from agricultural soils is the single largest contributor to direct GHG emissions, and one of the largest contributors across many biofuel production cycles (Smeets et al. , 2009; Hsu et al. , 2010).”
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    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    The shortcomings of the carbon neutrality assumption have been extensively discussed.

    “The shortcomings of this assumption have been extensively discussed (Haberl, 2013; Searchinger, 2010; Searchinger et al. , 2009; Cherubini et al. 2011).”
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    Premisecitation
    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Accounting for climate change impacts always depends on spatial and temporal system boundaries and the assumed baseline, and therefore includes value judgements.

    “Accounting always depends on the spatial and temporal system boundaries adopted when assessing climate change impacts, and the assumed baseline, and hence includes value judgements (Schwietzke et al. , 2011; Cherubini et al. , 2013; Kløverpris & Mueller, 2013).”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12

    For some bioenergy systems, site-specific land-use considerations such as soil organic carbon changes, albedo changes, and skewed time distribution of terrestrial biogenic CO2 fluxes can reduce or compound land-use impacts and can be larger in magnitude than life-cycle impacts from feedstock cultivation and conversion.

    “Additional 'site-specific' land-use considerations such as changes in soil organic carbon stocks (' Δ SOC'), changes in surface albedo (' Δ albedo'), and the skewed time distribution of terrestrial biogenic CO2 fluxes can either reduce or compound land-use impacts”
    • Also stated in: § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12 · plain
      “for some bioenergy systems, these impacts can be greater in magnitude than life-cycle impacts from feedstock cultivation and bioenergy product conversion.”
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    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Direct impacts from renewable bioenergy systems cause a temporary perturbation in global temperature and can even lead to cooling if terrestrial carbon stocks are not depleted.

    “direct impacts from renewable bioenergy systems cause a perturbation in global temperature that is temporary and even at times leads to cooling if terrestrial carbon stocks are not depleted (House et al. , 2002; Cherubini et al. , 2013; Joos et al. , 2013; Mackey et al. , 2013).”
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    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Studies call for consistent and case-specific carbon-stock/flux change accounting that integrates the biomass system with the global carbon cycle.

    “Studies also call for a consistent and case-specific carbon-stock/flux change accounting that integrates the biomass system with the global carbon cycle (Mackey et al. , 2013).”
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    § GHG emission estimates of bioenergy production systems · p. 11

    Understanding climate implications for policy targets requires models and/or metrics that include temperature effects and climate consequences.

    “understanding the climate implications as it relates to policy targets (e.g., limiting warming to 2 ° C) requires models and/or metrics that also include temperature effects and climate consequences (Tanaka et al. , 2013).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Biogeophysical factors · p. 11

    Perturbations to these surface properties can lead to both direct and indirect climate forcings whose impacts can differ in spatial extent (global and/or local).

    “Perturbations to these can lead to both direct and indirect climate forcings whose impacts can differ in spatial extent (global and/or local) (Bala et al. , 2007; Davin et al. , 2007).”
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    § Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions · p. 11

    Some bioenergy crops require relatively limited nitrogen input and can reduce GHG emissions relative to the former land use where they replace conventional food crops.

    “Some bioenergy crops require relatively limited N input and can reduce GHG emissions relative to the former land use where they replace conventional food crops (Clair et al. , 2008).”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12

    Fuels from sugarcane, perennial grasses, crop residues, waste cooking oil, and many forest products have lower attributional life-cycle emissions than other fuels, depending on N2O emissions, conversion fuel, forest carbon dynamics, site-specific factors, and counterfactual dynamics; land-use change emissions can still be substantial.

    “Key point 5: Fuels from sugarcane, perennial grasses, crop residues and waste cooking oil and many forest products have lower attributional life-cycle emissions than other fuels, depending on N2O emissions, fuel used in conversion process, forest carbon dynamics, and other site-specific factors and counterfactual dynamics (land-use change emissions can still be substantial, see Fig. 5).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 15

    Biomass that would otherwise be burned without energy recovery, rapidly decomposing residues, and organic wastes can produce close to immediate GHG savings when used for bioenergy; similarly, increasing biomass outtake from forests with high mortality rates can do so.

    “In short, biomass that would otherwise be burned without energy recovery, rapidly decomposing residues and organic wastes can produce close to immediate GHG savings when used for bioenergy (Zanchi et al. , 2011), similarly to increasing the biomass outtake from forests affected by high mortality rates (Lamers et al. , 2013).”
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    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Active management can promote further sequestration and provide a steady output of biomass for bioenergy and other forest products, resulting in continuous fossil substitution benefits even when forest sink strength eventually saturates.

    “Active management can in some forest landscapes promote further sequestration and provide a steady output of biomass for bioenergy and other forest products, resulting in continuous fossil substitution benefits also when the sink strength of the forest eventually saturates (Canadell & Raupach, 2008; Ciais et al. , 2008; Lundmark et al. , 2014; Nabuurs et al. , 2007, 2013).”
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    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Landscape-scale assessments report both forest carbon gains and losses that delay GHG reduction benefits, and reductions in forest sink strength can reduce or outweigh GHG savings from displacing fossil fuels for some period.

    “Assessments over larger landscapes report both forest carbon gains (Lundmark et al. , 2014) and losses delaying the GHG reduction benefit (Latta et al. , 2013; McKechnie et al. , 2011), as well as reductions in forest sink strength (foregone carbon sequestration) reducing or even outweighing for some period of time the GHG emissions savings from displacing fossil fuels”
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    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Anticipation of positive market development for bioenergy and other forest products may promote changes in forest management practices and net growth in forest area, contributing to increased carbon stocks, but may cause indirect land-use change.

    “The anticipation of positive market development for bioenergy and other forest products may promote changes in forest management practices and net growth in forest area, contributing to increased carbon stocks, but may cause ILUC (Sedjo & Tian, 2012) (Dale et al. , 2013; Eisenbies et al. , 2009).”
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    • cites Eisenbies et al. , 2009

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    Premiseown data
    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Many different approaches have been used to estimate GHG emissions from land-use change.

    “In addition, many different approaches to estimating GHGLUC have been used.”
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    Premisecitation
    § 12 F. CREUTZIG et al. · p. 14

    These agro-ecological options require lower investment and inputs, are more readily applicable in developing countries, and hold a low risk of increased GHG emissions.

    “Such options require a much lower level of investment and inputs and are thus more readily applicable in developing countries, while also holding a low risk of increased GHG emissions (Keating et al. , 2013).”
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    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Carbon and GHG balances depend on policy formulation; restricted feedstock eligibility on bioenergy markets can reduce GHG reduction benefits.

    “Carbon and GHG balances also depends on policy formulation, e.g., restricted feedstock eligibility on bioenergy markets can reduce the GHG reduction benefits (Daigneault et al. , 2012; Latta et al. , 2013).”
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    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Intensive forest management in the early to mid-20th century and recovery from past overuse led to strong forest carbon sinks in many OECD regions.

    “Intensive forest management activities of the early- to mid-20th century as well as other factors such as recovery from past overuse, have led to strong forest C-sinks in many OECD regions (Erb et al. , 2013; Loudermilk et al. , 2013; Nabuurs et al. , 2013; Pan et al. , 2011).”
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    § Direct land-use change · p. 12

    Beneficial direct land-use change effects can occur, at lower magnitude, when perennial grasses or woody plants replace annual crops with high fertilizer input, or when such plants are grown on carbon-poor soils, degraded lands, or marginal croplands where annual food or feed crops are not economically viable and indirect land-use change is less likely.

    “Albeit at lower magnitude, beneficial direct LUC effects can also be observed, for example when some perennial grasses or woody plants replace annual crops grown with high fertilizer input, or where such plants are produced on lands with carbon-poor soils”
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    • cites Gelfand et al. , 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    In large managed forest estates, harvesting reduces carbon stock in some stands while other stands gain carbon, so landscape-level carbon stock fluctuates around a trend that can increase, decrease, or remain roughly stable.

    “While carbon stock decreases in stands that are harvested, carbon stock increases in other stands resulting in landscape-level carbon stock that fluctuates around a trend line that can be increasing or decreasing, or remain roughly stable (Berndes et al. , 2013; Hudiburg et al. , 2011; Lundmark et al. , 2014).”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12

    Albedo effects and site-specific CO2 fluxes are highly variable across forest systems and environmental conditions and determine the total climate forcing of bioenergy from forestry.

    “Another important result is that albedo effects and site-specific CO2 fluxes are highly variable for different forest systems and environmental conditions and determine the total climate forcing of bioenergy from forestry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Most available model-based studies consistently find positive and sometimes high emissions from land-use change and indirect land-use change, mostly for first-generation biofuels, with high variability and uncertainty.

    “Most available model-based studies have consistently found positive and, in some cases, high emissions from LUC and ILUC, mostly of first-generation biofuels, albeit with high variability and uncertainty in results”
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    • cites Warner et al. , 2013

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    § 12 F. CREUTZIG et al. · p. 14

    Agro-ecological options such as no or low tillage conservation and agroforestry can increase yields, for example in sub-Saharan Africa, while also providing co-benefits such as increased soil organic matter.

    “A range of agro-ecological options to improve agricultural practices such as no/low tillage conservation, and agroforestry have potential to increase yields (e.g., in sub-Saharan Africa), while also providing a range of cobenefits such as increased soil organic matter.”
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    • cites Keating et al. , 2013

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Entries in land-use change emission estimates are not equally valid and do not measure the same metric despite similar naming conventions such as indirect land-use change.

    “All entries are not equally valid nor do they attempt to measure the same metric despite the use of similar naming conventions (e.g., ILUC).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Bioenergy from forests · p. 14

    Estimates of global land-use change emissions are highly uncertain, unobservable, unverifiable, and dependent on assumed policy, economic contexts, and modeling inputs.

    “These estimates of global LUC are highly uncertain, unobservable, unverifiable, and dependent on assumed policy, economic contexts, and inputs used in the modeling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationcitation
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Indirect land-use change is difficult to ascertain because its magnitude must be modeled, raising questions about model validity, uncertainty, and policy implications.

    “Indirect land-use change is difficult to ascertain because the magnitude of these effects must be modeled (Nassar et al. , 2011) raising important questions about model validity and uncertainty”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Attributional life-cycle impacts · p. 12

    Site-specific characteristics, perspectives on spatial and temporal scale, initial conditions, and the choice of climate metrics generally affect life-cycle impact results.

    “Site-specific characteristics, perspectives on spatial and time scale as well as initial conditions, will generally affect the results together with the choice of climate metrics applied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    The likelihood of BECCS deployment is difficult to evaluate and depends on safety confirmations, affordability and public acceptance.

    “The likelihood of BECCS deployment is difficult to evaluate and depends on safety confirmations, affordability and public acceptance (see section Bioenergy technologies for details).”
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    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    BECCS features prominently in many transformation scenarios.

    “BECCS features prominently in many transformation scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 16

    Indirect effects are not restricted to indirect GHG effects of biomass production in agricultural systems; they could also be relevant to bioenergy from wood sources.

    “Indirect effects are not restricted to indirect GHG effects of production of biomass in agricultural systems, but could also be relevant to bioenergy from wood sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    In an optimal world, bioenergy could contribute effectively to climate change mitigation despite land conversion and intensification emissions.

    “These models suggest that in an optimal world bioenergy could contribute effectively to climate change mitigation despite land conversion and intensification emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisenone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Transformation pathway studies suggest modern bioenergy could provide 5-95 EJ/yr in 2030, 10-245 EJ/yr in 2050, and 105-325 EJ/yr in 2100 under full implementation scenarios with immediate, global, comprehensive incentives.

    “Transformation pathway studies suggest that modern bioenergy could play a significant role within the energy system, providing 5 -95 EJ yr 1 in 2030, 10 -245 EJ yr 1 in 2050 and 105 -325 EJ yr 1 in 2100 under full implementation scenarios, with immediate, global, and comprehensive incentives for land-related mitigation options.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    With increasing scarcity of productive land, growing demand for food and bioenergy may incur substantial land-use change causing high GHG emissions and/or increased agricultural intensification and higher N2O emissions unless wise integration occurs.

    “With increasing scarcity of productive land, the growing demand for food and bioenergy may incur substantial LUC causing high GHG emissions and/or increased agricultural intensification and higher N2O emissions (Delucchi, 2010) unless wise integration of bioenergy into agriculture and forestry landscapes occurs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Delucchi, 2010

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    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    The ranges were 20-265 EJ/yr for less stringent scenarios and 25-300 EJ for tight climate mitigation scenarios below 440 ppm.

    “The ranges were 20 -265EJ yr 1 for the less stringent scenarios and 25 -300 EJ for the tight climate mitigation scenarios ( < 440 ppm).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IPCC SRREN

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Future potential deployment level varies at global and national level depending on technological developments, land availability, financial viability and mitigation policies.

    “The future potential deployment level varies at the global and national level depending on the technological developments, land availability, financial viability and mitigation policies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Bioenergy supplies 5% of global power generation in 2035, up from 1% in 2008.

    “Bioenergy supplies 5% of global power generation in 2035, up from 1% in 2008.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEA, 2010c

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    Premisenone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Scenarios project increasing deployment of bioenergy with tighter climate change targets, both in a given year and earlier in time.

    “The scenarios project increasing deployment of bioenergy with tighter climate change targets, both in a given year as well as earlier in time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 16

    When a global cap on CO2 emissions is absent, the amount of displaced fossil fuels is highly uncertain and depends on relative price elasticities of supply and demand for fuels.

    “When a global cap on CO2 emissions is absent, the amount of displaced fossil fuels is highly uncertain, and depends on the relative price elasticities of supply and demand for fuels (Chen & Khanna, 2012; Drabik & De Gorter, 2011; Hochman et al. , 2010; Rajagopal et al. , 2011; Thompson et al. , 2011b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chen & Khanna, 2012

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    • cites Drabik & De Gorter, 2011

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    • cites Hochman et al. , 2010

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    GEA (2012) scenarios project 80-140 EJ by 2050, including extensive use of agricultural residues and second-generation bioenergy, and coprocessing of biomass with coal or natural gas with CCS.

    “The GEA (2012) scenarios project 80 -140 EJ by 2050, including extensive use of agricultural residues and second-generation bioenergy to try to reduce the adverse impacts on land use and food production, and the coprocessing of biomass with coal or natural gas with CCS to make low net GHG-emitting transport fuels and or electricity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites GEA (2012)

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    Premisecitation
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Producing biofuels from wastes and sustainably harvested residues, and replacing first-generation feedstocks with lignocellulosic plants, may mitigate indirect land-use change, especially if incentives exist for planting on lands difficult for conventional crops.

    “Producing biofuels from wastes and sustainably harvested residues, and replacing first-generation biofuel feedstocks with lignocellulosic plants (e.g., grasses) may mitigate ILUC, especially if incentives exist for planting lignocellulosic plants on lands where cultivation of conventional food/feed crops is difficult (Davis et al. , 2012; Scown et al. , 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Davis et al. , 2012

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    • cites Scown et al. , 2012

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    The 2010 IEA model projects a contribution of 12 EJ/yr (11%) by 2035 to the transport sector, including 60% advanced biofuels for road and aviation.

    “The 2010 IEA model projects a contribution of 12 EJ yr 1 (11%) by 2035 to the transport sector, including 60% of advanced biofuels for road and aviation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEA, 2010c

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Overall outcomes may depend strongly on governance of land use, increased yields, and deployment of best practices in agricultural, forestry and biomass production.

    “Overall outcomes may depend strongly on governance of land use, increased yields, and deployment of best practices in agricultural, forestry and biomass production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 16

    Bioenergy can replace or complement fossil fuel.

    “As with any other renewable fuel, bioenergy can replace or complement fossil fuel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Indirect land-use effects and other consequential changes are difficult to model and uncertain, but are relevant for policy analysis.

    “Indirect land-use effects and other consequential changes are difficult to model and uncertain, but are nonetheless relevant for policy analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    In these models, constraining bioenergy has a cost; limiting global bioenergy availability to 100 EJ/yr tripled marginal abatement costs and doubled consumption losses.

    “In these models, constraining bioenergy has a cost. For instance, limiting global bioenergy availability to 100 EJ yr 1 tripled marginal abatement costs and doubled consumption losses associated with transformation pathways (Rose et al. , 2013).”
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    • cites Rose et al. , 2013

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    Premisereasoning
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Bioenergy's share of regional total electricity and liquid fuels could be significant, up to 35% of global regional electricity from biopower by 2050 and up to 70% of global regional liquid fuels from biofuels by 2050.

    “Bioenergy's share of regional total electricity and liquid fuels could be significant -up to 35% of global regional electricity from biopower by 2050, and up to 70% of global regional liquid fuels from biofuels by 2050.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Appropriate management of livestock and agriculture can lead to improved resource efficiency, lower GHG emissions, lower land use, and release land for bioenergy or food production.

    “Appropriate management of livestock and agriculture can lead to improved resource efficiency, lower GHG emissions and lower land use while releasing land for bioenergy or food production as demonstrated for Europe (De Wit et al. , 2013) and Mozambique (Van der Hilst et al. , 2012a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites De Wit et al. , 2013

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    • cites Van der Hilst et al. , 2012a

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    Premisereasoning
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 16

    Models project increased dependence on and deployment of modern bioenergy, with some models projecting 35% of total primary energy from bioenergy in 2050 and up to 50% in 2100.

    “Models project increased dependence on, as well as increased deployment of, modern bioenergy, with some models projecting 35% of total primary energy from bioenergy in 2050, and as much as 50% of total primary energy from modern bioenergy in 2100.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Indirect land-use change · p. 15

    Lower agricultural yields, land-intensive diets, livestock feeding efficiencies, stronger climate impacts, and higher energy crop production levels can result in higher land-use-change-related GHG emissions.

    “While ILUC quantifications remain uncertain, lower agricultural yields, landintensive diets, and livestock feeding efficiencies, stronger climate impacts and higher energy crop production levels can result in higher LUC-related GHG emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Avoiding deforestation restricts availability for agricultural expansion.

    “In general, avoiding deforestation restricts the availability for agricultural expansion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    The relationship between bioenergy and social, institutional, environmental, economic, and technological conditions is complex, with negative or positive implications depending on the type of bioenergy option, scale of production, and local context, allowing intrinsic trade-offs.

    “The relationship between bioenergy and these conditions is complex and there could be negative or positive implications, depending on the type of bioenergy option, the scale of the production system and the local context, allowing intrinsic trade-offs (Edenhofer et al. , 2013).”
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    • cites Edenhofer et al. , 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    As a result of ongoing population growth, rising per capita caloric intake and changing dietary preferences, demand for agricultural products in the future is anticipated to increase significantly.

    “As a result of ongoing population growth, rising per capita caloric intake and changing dietary preferences, such as an increased consumption of meat and dairy products, demand for agricultural products in the future is anticipated to increase significantly (Popp et al. , 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Popp et al. , 2013

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    Scaling up clean cookstove initiatives could save 2 million lives per year and significantly reduce GHG emissions.

    “As noted previously, scaling up clean cookstove initiatives could not only save 2 million lives a year, but also significantly reduce GHG emissions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Modern small-scale bioenergy systems reduce CO2 emissions from unsustainable biomass harvesting and reduce short-lived climate pollutants like black carbon through cleaner combustion.

    “Modern small-scale bioenergy systems reduce CO2 emissions from unsustainable biomass harvesting and short-lived climate pollutants, e.g., black carbon, from cleaner combustion (Chung et al. , 2012; FAO, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chung et al. , 2012

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    • cites FAO, 2010

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Increasing demand for first-generation bioenergy is partly driving expansion of crops like soy and oil palm, which promotes large-scale agribusinesses at the expense of family and community-based agriculture.

    “In some cases increasing demand for first-generation bioenergy is partly driving the expansion of crops like soy and oil palm, which in turn contribute to promote large-scale agribusinesses at the expense of family and community-based agriculture (Wilkinson & Herrera, 2010).”
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    • cites Wilkinson & Herrera, 2010

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    Premisereasoning
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    If bioenergy, and especially BECCS, is not available, large-scale afforestation is seen as a necessary alternative land carbon sequestration strategy.

    “If bioenergy, and especially BECCS, is not available, large-scale afforestation is seen as a necessary alternative land carbon sequestration strategy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Perennial crops provide ecosystem services and values in restoring degraded lands, controlling erosion, and regional climate effects such as improved water retention and precipitation.

    “Various studies indicate the ecosystem services and values that perennial crops have in restoring degraded lands, via agroforestry systems, controlling erosion and even in regional climate effects such as improved water retention and precipitation (Faaij, 2006; Van der Hilst et al. , 2012a; Wicke et al. , 2011b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Faaij, 2006

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    • cites Van der Hilst et al. , 2012a

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    • cites Wicke et al. , 2011b

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    2.7 billion people worldwide depend on traditional biomass for cooking, with 84% of them in rural communities.

    “The IEA (2011) estimates that 2.7 billion people worldwide depend on traditional biomass for cooking, while 84% of them belonged to rural communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEA, 2011

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Changes in management practice can alter the net GHG balance of bioenergy options and have sustainable development implications.

    “Changes in management practice may swing the net GHG balance of options and also have clear sustainable development implications (Davis et al. , 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davis et al. , 2012

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    Biofuels can reduce fossil fuel use and GHG emissions but often shift environmental burdens toward land-use-related impacts such as eutrophication, acidification, water depletion, and ecotoxicity.

    “While biofuels can allow the reduction of fossil fuel use and of greenhouse gas emissions, they often shift environmental burdens toward land use-related impacts (i.e., eutrophication, acidification, water depletion, ecotoxicity) (EMPA, 2012; Smith & Torn, 2013; Tavoni & Socolow, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites EMPA, 2012

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    • cites Smith & Torn, 2013

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    • cites Tavoni & Socolow, 2013

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    Efficient biomass cookstoves and biogas stoves provide multiple benefits: reduce pressure on forests and biodiversity, reduce exposure to smoke-related health hazards, reduce drudgery for women collecting fuelwood, and save money on fuel purchases.

    “Efficient biomass cookstoves and biogas stoves at the same time provide multiple benefits: reduce pressure on forests and biodiversity, reduce exposure to smoke related health hazards, reduce drudgery for women in collecting fuelwood and save money if purchasing fuels (Martin et al. , 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martin et al. , 2011

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    The risk of losing access to land is particularly relevant where large areas of land are unregistered or under dispute.

    “This is particularly relevant where large areas of land are still unregistered or are being claimed and under dispute by stakeholders (Dauvergne & Neville, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dauvergne & Neville, 2010

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    Premisecitation
    § Bioenergy and sustainable development · p. 17

    Bioenergy projects can be economically beneficial by raising and diversifying farm incomes and increasing rural employment through biofuel production for domestic or export markets.

    “Bioenergy projects can be economically beneficial, e.g., by raising and diversifying farm incomes and increasing rural employment through the production of biofuels for domestic (Gohin, 2008) or export (Arndt et al. , 2011b,c) markets (Wicke et al. , 2009).”
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    • cites Gohin, 2008

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    • cites Arndt et al. , 2011b,c

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    • cites Wicke et al. , 2009

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Large-scale biofuels feedstock production can cause smallholders, tenants, and herders to lose access to productive land, while other groups enjoy benefits.

    “The establishment of large-scale biofuels feedstock production, however, can also cause smallholders, tenants and herders to lose access to productive land, while other social groups such as workers, investors, company owners, biofuels consumers, and populations who are closer to for GHG emission reduction activities enjoy the benefits of this production (Van der Horst & Vermeylen, 2011).”
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    • cites Van der Horst & Vermeylen, 2011

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    The global potentials of such systems are difficult to determine.

    “But the global potentials of such systems are difficult to determine (Berndes & B € orjesson, 2007; Dale & Kline, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Berndes & B € orjesson, 2007

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    • cites Dale & Kline, 2013

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Sustainability and livelihood concerns might constrain the deployment of bioenergy scenarios to lower deployment values.

    “while sustainability and livelihood concerns might constrain the deployment of bioenergy scenarios to lower deployment values”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Biofuels deployment can reduce time invested in on-farm subsistence and community-based activities, leading to lower productivity of subsistence crops and increased intracommunity conflicts due to uneven share of collective responsibilities.

    “Biofuels deployment can also translate into reductions of time invested in onfarm subsistence and community-based activities, thus translating into lower productivity rates of subsistence crops and an increase in intracommunity conflicts as a result of the uneven share of collective responsibilities (Mingorr ıa et al. , 2010, 2014).”
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    • cites Mingorr ıa et al. , 2010, 2014

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Small-scale bioenergy options can provide cost-effective climate change mitigation while advancing sustainable development priorities, particularly in rural areas of developing countries.

    “Small-scale bioenergy options can provide cost-effective alternatives for mitigating climate change, at the same time helping advance sustainable development priorities, particularly in rural areas of developing countries (see Box 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Bioenergy is seen as more versatile, while solar and wind energy cannot as easily produce base load power or provide high-density fuels for transportation.

    “In particular, bioenergy is seen as more versatile, while solar and wind energy cannot as easily produce base load power or provide high-density fuels for transportation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 19

    The main potential cobenefits of bioenergy are related to access to energy, impacts on economy and wellbeing, job creation, and improvement of local resilience.

    “The main potential cobenefits are related to access to energy and impacts on the economy and wellbeing, jobs creation and improvement of local resilience (Creutzig et al. , 2013; Walter et al. , 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Creutzig et al. , 2013

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    • cites Walter et al. , 2011

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Good governance and favorable conditions for bioenergy development may result in higher deployment in bioenergy scenarios.

    “Good governance and favorable conditions for bioenergy development may result in higher deployment in bioenergy scenarios”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Box 1 · p. 18

    Use of low-quality fuels and inefficient cooking/heating devices causes pollution leading to nearly 4 million premature deaths annually and chronic illnesses.

    “Use of low quality fuels and inefficient cooking and heating devices leads to pollution resulting in nearly 4 million premature deaths every year, and a range of chronic illnesses and other health problems (Lim et al. , 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lim et al. , 2012

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § Future potential deployment in climate mitigation scenarios · p. 17

    Many models suggest relatively high deployment of bioenergy, as ambitious mitigation goals rely on making use of all available renewables.

    “Many models suggest relatively high deployment of bioenergy, as ambitious mitigation goals rely on making use of all available renewables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management, residue use, and when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management.

    “Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, carbon dioxide capture and storage from bioenergy appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Another strand of literature points to abundant risks in large-scale development of bioenergy mainly from dedicated energy crops, particularly in reducing land carbon stock, potentially resulting in net increases in GHG emissions.

    “Another strand of literature points to abundant risks in the large-scale development of bioenergy mainly from dedicated energy crops and particularly in reducing the land carbon stock, potentially resulting in net increases in GHG emissions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    The climate change mitigation value of bioenergy systems depends on several factors, some of which are challenging to quantify.

    “The climate change mitigation value of bioenergy systems depends on several factors, some of which are challenging to quantify.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    The results of integrated model studies need to be interpreted with caution because not all GHG emissions and biogeophysical or socio-economic effects of bioenergy deployment are incorporated into these models, and not all relevant technologies are represented.

    “The results of these integrated model studies need to be interpreted with caution, as not all GHG emissions and biogeophysical or socio-economic effects of bioenergy deployment are incorporated into these models, and as not all relevant technologies are represented (e.g., cascade utilization).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    One strand of literature highlights that bioenergy could contribute significantly to mitigating global GHG emissions via displacing fossil fuels, better management of natural resources, and possibly by deploying BECCS.

    “One strand of literature highlights that bioenergy could contribute significantly to mitigating global GHG emissions via displacing fossil fuels, better management of natural resources, and possibly by deploying BECCS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Deployment of small-scale bioenergy systems such as biogas, efficient wood stoves, small-scale decentralized biomass combustion, and gasification for rural electrification could reduce GHG emissions and promote other dimensions of sustainable development.

    “The deployment of small-scale bioenergy systems such as biogas and efficient wood stoves for cooking, small-scale decentralized biomass combustion and gasification for rural electrification could not only reduce GHG emissions but also promote other dimensions of sustainable development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    Ambitious climate change mitigation need not drive up global food prices much, if the extra land required for bioenergy production is accessible or if the feedstock does not directly compete for agricultural land.

    “Hence, ambitious climate change mitigation need not drive up global food prices much, if the extra land required for bioenergy production is accessible or if the feedstock, e.g., from forests, does not directly compete for agricultural land.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 21

    Large-scale bioenergy production from dedicated crops may affect water availability and quality, which depend on local freshwater resources, water quality needs, competition for multiple uses, and sector end-use efficiency.

    “Large-scale bioenergy production from dedicated crops may affect water availability and quality, which are highly dependent on (i) type and quantity of local freshwater resources; (ii) necessary water quality; (iii) competition for multiple uses (agricultural, urban, industrial, power generation); and (iv) efficiency in all sector end-uses (Coelho et al ., 2012; Gerbens-Leenes et al ., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Coelho et al ., 2012

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    • cites Gerbens-Leenes et al ., 2009

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Large-scale deployment (>200 EJ) could realize high GHG emissions savings if technological and governance preconditions are met, but could also lead to detrimental climate effects and negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity, and livelihoods otherwise.

    “Large-scale deployment ( > 200 EJ) could realize high GHG emissions savings if technological and governance preconditions are met, but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods otherwise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Other crucial factors influencing mitigation potential are biomass feedstock and production practices, conversion technologies, whether BECCS can be deployed economically and safely, and the magnitude of market-mediated effects such as ILUC and fossil fuel displacement.

    “Other crucial factors influencing mitigation potential are biomass feedstock and production practices, the conversion technologies used, whether BECCS can be deployed economically and safely, and the magnitude of market-mediated effects such as ILUC and fossil fuel displacement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Trade-offs and synergies with land, water, food and biodiversity · p. 19

    In integrated models, land demand for bioenergy at any level of future bioenergy supply depends on the share from wastes and residues, integration with food/fiber production, availability of areas with little current or future production, and volume and yields of dedicated energy crops.

    “In these models, at any level of future bioenergy supply, land demand for bioenergy depends on (i) the share of bioenergy derived from wastes and residues (Rogner et al. , 2012); (ii) the extent to which bioenergy production can be integrated with food or fiber production, which ideally results in synergies (Garg et al. , 2011a,b; Sochacki et al. , 2012) or at least mitigates land-use competition”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rogner et al. , 2012

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    • cites Garg et al. , 2011a,b

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    • cites Sochacki et al. , 2012

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152 of 152

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Actual savings from improved traditional biomass end-use efficiency average 30–60% of current consumption.

    “Assuming that actual savings reach on average from 30% to 60% of current consumption”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The combustion of biomass generates gross GHG emissions roughly equivalent to those from combustion of fossil fuels.

    “The combustion of biomass generates gross GHG emissions roughly equivalent to those from combustion of fossil fuels.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In modeled mitigation pathways of global stabilization scenarios, indirect land-use change is mostly assumed to be avoided.

    “ILUC is mostly assumed to be avoided in the modeled mitigation pathways of global stabilization scenarios.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The integrated assessment models mostly assume strong global governance, such as a price on GHG emissions.

    “These models mostly report mitigation options assuming strong global governance, e.g., a price on GHG emissions.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Agricultural yields in all models are assumed to change over time.

    “Agricultural yields in all models are assumed to change over time.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The integrated assessment models consider the global economy to be in equilibrium.

    “These models consider the global economy in equilibrium and focus on timescales of up to 100 years.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In some models, food demand is prescribed exogenously.

    “In other models, food demand is prescribed exogenously and therefore does react on higher food prices.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Other assessments concluded that it might be possible to produce the required amount of bio-energy in a sustainable way (up to 300 EJ yr-1).

    “At the same time, other assessments 39,55-57 concluded that it might be possible to produce the required amount of bio-energy in a sustainable way (up to 300 EJ yr -1 , see box 11.5 in ref. 39).”

    From Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C (2016) · cites this paper as [55]

    The section “How much bioenergy could be deployed in 2050” (pp. 3–4) reports technical-potential estimates that include 300 EJ yr⁻¹, with some studies applying environmental restrictions. But it distinguishes technical potential from environmentally sustainable potential and says sustainability assumptions produce widely different estimates. The “Future potential deployment” section (p. 16) reports scenarios reaching 300 EJ, not a conclusion that this amount can be produced sustainably. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Some 2°C scenarios allow lower bioenergy deployments, as low as 100 EJ per year.

    “However, some 2 1C scenarios allow lower bioenergy deployments, as low as 100 EJ per year.3,19,25”

    From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [25]

  • BECCS is caught in a complex web of accounting issues that arise from land use management.

    “In contrast, BECCS is caught in a complex web of accounting issues that arise from land use management.25,51,58,59”

    From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [25]

  • All bioenergy that can be sourced sustainably (about 100 EJ primary energy) could be allocated to BECCS, so that about 4.2-5.6 Gt CO2 per year could be sequestered.

    “Plausibly, all bioenergy that can be sourced sustainably (about 100 EJ 3,25 primary energy) could be allocated to BECCS, so that about 4.2-5.6Gt CO 2 per year could be sequestered (reflecting losses in energy and CO 2 in along different steps in the process).”

    From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [25]

  • BECCS sequestration efficiency depends strongly on the consequential life-cycle emissions of the feedstock, including the indirect land use implications of converting land to biomass production for energy and the efficiency of the BECCS plants.

    “Instead, the sequestration efficiency depends strongly on the consequential life-cycle emissions of the feedstock, including the indirect land use implications of converting land to biomass production for energy 25,51 and the efficiency of the BECCS plants.75”

    From The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems (2019) · cites this paper as [25]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 22

  1. Cordes L, 2011, Igniting change: a strategy for universal adoption of clean cookstoves and fuels, Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC)
  2. Moraes M, 2010, Ethanol and Bioelectricity: Sugarcane in the Future of the Energy Matrix, 44
  3. Dimitriou I, 2009, Short rotation coppice (SRC) cultivation and local impact on the environment, Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, 3, 159
  4. Finkbeiner M, 2013, Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC) within Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Scientific Robustness and Consistency with International Standards
  5. 10.1002/bbb.312 · DOI
  6. IEA, 2011, Energy for All: Financing access for the poor. Special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook 2011
  7. Karlsson H, 2011, Global Status of BECCS Projects 2010
  8. Mingorría S, 2010, Metabolismo socio‐ecológico de comunidades campesinas Q'eqchi’ y la expansión de la agro‐industria de caña de azúcar y palma Africana : Valle del Río Polochic, Guatemala
  9. NabuursJ MaseraO AndraskoK Benitez‐PonceP BoerR DutschkeM ZhangX(2007)Chapter 9 Forestry. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.IPCC.
  10. Plattner G, 2009, IPCC expert meeting on the science of alternative metrics
  11. REN21, 2012, Renewables 2012 Global Status Report
  12. REN21, 2013, Renewables 2013 Global Status Report
  13. Rogner H, 2012, Global Energy Assessment ‐ Toward a Sustainable Future, 423
  14. Rose S, 2013, Estimating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Offset Supplies: Accounting for Investment Risks and Other Market Realties (No. 1025510)
  15. Rosillo‐Calle F, 2012, The Potential Role of Biofuels in Commercial Air Transport ‐ Biojetfuel
  16. Smith P, 2014, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1
  17. Steenblik R, 2007, Biofuels ‐ At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol in Selected OECD
  18. Stromberg P, 2012, Socio‐Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels. Evidence from Developing Countries, 1
  19. UNFCCC‐CDM, 2012, CDM‐SSC WG, Annex 8
  20. Ürge‐Vorsatz D, 2012, Global Energy Assessment
  21. 10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027 · DOI
  22. Woods M, 2007, Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants. Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity Final Report

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Authors
Creutzig, F., Ravindranath, N. H., Berndes, G., Bolwig, S., Bright, R., Cherubini, F., Chum, H., Corbera, E., Delucchi, M., Faaij, A., Fargione, J., Haberl, H., Heath, G., Lucon, O., Plevin, R., Popp, A., Robledo‐Abad, C., Rose, S., Smith, P., Stromman, A., Suh, S., & Masera, O.
Affiliations
  • Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (DE)
  • Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (IN)
  • Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
  • Technical University of Denmark (DK)
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
  • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • The Nature Conservancy (US)
  • Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
  • Sao Paulo State Environment Secretariat Sao Paolo Brazil
  • Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • Electric Power Research Institute (US)
  • University of Aberdeen (GB)
  • Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
  • University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
Corresponding author
Creutzig, Felix
ORCID
Venue
GCB Bioenergy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-07-04
Volume
7
Issue
5
Pages
916-944
ISSN
  • 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
  • 1757-1707
DOI
10.1111/gcbb.12205
OpenAlex
W2155193148
Cited by
752
References
349
Citations by year
2026: 50 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 4
FWCI
163.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
  • Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
  • NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Forest Biomass Utilization and Management
Keywords
bioenergy, climate change mitigation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, cellulosic feedstocks, land use, sustainability impacts, combined heat and power, biomass cookstoves, rural energy access, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity impacts, livelihoods

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

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