Cited by 1,377Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic SkillsMedicine, History, and PhilosophyProblem Solving Skills Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning

Elstein, Arthur S., Shulman, Lee S., Sprafka, Sarah A.·1978·Harvard University Press eBooks

DOI 10.4159/harvard.9780674189089

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4159/harvard.9780674189089

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,010

An integrated model of clinical reasoning: dual-process theory of cognition and metacognition
Marcum, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2012.01900.x · Cited by 148
THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTOMATICITY FOR DEVELOPING EXPERTISE IN READING
Samuels, S. J., & Flor, R. F. (1997) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/1057356970130202 · Cited by 164
A Critical Thinking Model for Nursing Judgment
Kataoka‐Yahiro, M., & Saylor, C. R. (1994) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/0148-4834-19941001-06 · Cited by 166
Transfer of Cognitive Skills from Programming: When and How?
Salomon, G., & Perkins, D. N. (1987) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/6f4q-7861-qwa5-8pl1 · Cited by 165
Clinical intuition in the nursing process and decision‐making—A mixed‐studies review
Melin‐Johansson, C., Palmqvist, R. R., & Rönnberg, L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13814 · Cited by 161
Programmatic assessment and Kane’s validity perspective
Schuwirth, L., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04098.x · Cited by 165
The construction of medical disposals Medical sociology and medical problem solving in clinical practice
Berg, M. (1992) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.1992.tb00119.x · Cited by 160
Knowing and Acting in Medical Practice: The Epistemological Politics of Outcomes Research
Tanenbaum, S. J. (1994) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-19-1-27 · Cited by 158
Self-assessment or self deception? A lack of association between nursing students’ self-assessment and performance
Baxter, P. E., & Norman, G. R. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05658.x · Cited by 159
The Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians II (HOAC II): A Guide for Patient Management
Rothstein, J. M., Echternach, J. L., & Riddle, D. L. (2003) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/83.5.455 · Cited by 158
A plea for new psychometric models in educational assessment
Schuwirth, L., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2006) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02405.x · Cited by 158
Design of a Cooperative Problem-Solving System for En-Route Flight Planning: An Empirical Evaluation
Layton, C. F., Smith, P. J., & McCoy, C. E. (1994) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089403600106 · Cited by 165
Standardized Assessment of Reasoning in Contexts of Uncertainty
Charlin, B., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2004) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278704267043 · Cited by 155
Quantitative assessment of diagnostic ability
Bordage, G., Grant, J., & Marsden, P. D. (1990) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1990.tb02650.x · Cited by 153
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Schwartz, W. B., Patil, R. S., & Szolovits, P. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198703123161109 · Cited by 152
Choosing a doctor: an exploratory study of factors influencing patients’ choice of a primary care doctor
Bornstein, B. H., Marcus, D., & Cassidy, W. M. (2000) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.2000.00256.x · Cited by 151
Medical problem‐solving: some questionable assumptions
Groen, G. J., & Patel, V. L. (1985) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1985.tb01148.x · Cited by 150
Teaching Clinical Medicine by Iterative Hypothesis Testing
Kassirer, J. P. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198310133091511 · Cited by 150
Assessment in the context of uncertainty: how many members are needed on the panel of reference of a script concordance test?
Gagnon, R. J., Charlin, B., Coletti, M., Sauvé, E., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02092.x · Cited by 147
Applied mathematical problem solving
Lesh, R. (1981) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf00305624 · Cited by 152
Teaching clinical reasoning by making thinking visible: an action research project with allied health clinical educators
Delany, C. M., & Golding, C. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-20 · Cited by 160
Decision-making Strategies for Telephone Triage in Emergency Medical Services
Leprohon, J., & Patel, V. L. (1995) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x9501500307 · Cited by 147
Prospective observational study to evaluate NOTSS (Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons) for assessing trainees' non-technical performance in the operating theatre
Crossley, J., Marriott, J., Purdie, H., et al. (2011) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.7478 · Cited by 146
Teaching for Understanding: A Model for Improving Decision Making During Game Play
Turner, A. P., & Martinek, T. J. (1995) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.1995.10484144 · Cited by 144
Clinical reasoning processes: unravelling complexity through graphical representation
Charlin, B., Lubarsky, S., Millette, B., Crevier, F., Audétat, M., Charbonneau, A., Fon, N. C., Hoff, L., & Bourdy, C. (2012) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04242.x · Cited by 162
Faculty development a resource for clinical teachers
Skeff, K. M., Stratos, G. A., Mygdal, W. K., DeWitt, T., Manfred, L. M., Quik, M., Roberts, K. B., Greenberg, L. W., & Bland, C. J. (1997) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.12.s2.8.x · Cited by 142
Clinical Judgment and Computers
Blois, M. S. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198007243030405 · Cited by 143
Building on Experience — The Development of Clinical Reasoning
Norman, G. R. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme068134 · Cited by 148
Mapping clinical reasoning literature across the health professions: a scoping review
Young, M. E., Thomas, A., Lubarsky, S., Gordon, D., Gruppen, L. D., Rencic, J. J., Ballard, T. N. S., Holmboe, E. S., Silva, A. S. D., Ratcliffe, T. A., et al. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02012-9 · Cited by 139
The Teller, the Tale, and the One Being Told: The Narrative Nature of the Research Interview
Guðmundsdóttir, S. M. (1996) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.1996.11075463 · Cited by 141
The diagnostic role of gut feelings in general practice A focus group study of the concept and its determinants
Stolper, E. C. F., van Bokhoven, M. A., Houben, P., Royen, P. V., van de Wiel, M. W. J., van der Weijden, T., & Dinant, G. (2009) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-10-17 · Cited by 144
Scaffolding online argumentation during problem solving
Oh, S., & Jonassen, D. H. (2007) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00206.x · Cited by 141
Dealing with Uncertainty, Risks, and Tradeoffs in Clinical Decisions
Moskowitz, A. J., Kuipers, B. J., & Kassirer, J. P. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-435 · Cited by 142
Clinical Reasoning in Physical Therapy: A Concept Analysis
Huhn, K., Gilliland, S. J., Black, L. L., Wainwright, S. F., & Christensen, N. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy148 · Cited by 148
An epistemological framework for medical knowledge-based systems
Ramoni, M., Stefanelli, M., Magnani, L., & Barosi, G. (1992) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/21.199462 · Cited by 146
Clinical Decisions to Limit Treatment
Lo, B., & JONSEN, A. R. (1980) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-93-5-764 · Cited by 134
An Exploratory Study of Clinical Decision‐Making in Five Countries
Lauri, S. H., Salanterä, S., Chalmers, K. I., et al. (2001) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00083.x · Cited by 132
Current perspectives in assessment: the assessment of performance at work
Norcini, J. J. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02182.x · Cited by 131
Theoretical Perspectives, Methodological Approaches, and Trends in the Study of Expertise
Michelene, T. H. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7707-6_2 · Cited by 135
Learning clinical reasoning
Pinnock, R., & Welch, P. (2013) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12455 · Cited by 134
How specific is case specificity?
Norman, G. R., Bordage, G., Page, G., et al. (2006) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02511.x · Cited by 130
Clinical reasoning in nursing*
Jones, J. A. M. (1988) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1988.tb01407.x · Cited by 129
Assessment in Problem-Based Learning Medical Schools: A Literature Review
NENDAZ, M. R., & Tekian, A. S. (1999) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15328015tlm110408 · Cited by 127
The Effect of Accountability and Time Budgets on Auditors' Testing Strategies
Asare, S. K., Trompeter, G. M., & Wright, A. M. (2000) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1506/f1eg-9ejg-dj0b-jd32 · Cited by 127
Learning to Troubleshoot: A New Theory-Based Design Architecture
Jonassen, D. H., & Hung, W. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9001-8 · Cited by 126
The Treatment Advice of a Computer-Based Cancer Chemotherapy Protocol Advisor
Hickam, D. H., Shortliffe, E. H., BISCHOFF, M. B., Scott, A. C., & Jacobs, C. (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-6-928 · Cited by 124
Development and Validation of a Tool to Measure Self-Confidence and Anxiety in Nursing Students During Clinical Decision Making
White, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20131118-05 · Cited by 124
Problem-Based Learning and Learning Approach: Is There a Relationship?
Groves, M. (2005) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-005-8556-3 · Cited by 118
Mental Models and Causal Explanation: Judgements of Probable Cause and Explanatory Relevance
Hilton, D. (1996) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/135467896394447 · Cited by 117
Medical decision making: a selective review for child psychiatrists and psychologists
Galanter, C. A., & Patel, V. L. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01452.x · Cited by 121
Contextual factors in the activation of first diagnostic hypotheses: expert‐novice differences
HOBU, P. P. M., Schmidt, H. G., Boshuizen, H. P. A., et al. (1987) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1987.tb01405.x · Cited by 119
The ‘elasticity’ of criminal evidence: a moderator of investigator bias
Ask, K., Rebelius, A., & Granhag, P. A. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1432 · Cited by 119
The benefits of flexibility: the pedagogical value of instructions to adopt multifaceted diagnostic reasoning strategies
Ark, T. K., Brooks, L. R., & Eva, K. W. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2007.02688.x · Cited by 118
Probabilistic similarity networks
Heckerman, D. E. (1990) · Networks · doi:10.1002/net.3230200508 · Cited by 129
THINKING ABOUT GOVERNMENT LEARNING
Etheredge, L. S., & Short, J. E. (1983) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1983.tb00197.x · Cited by 117
Confirmation bias in the valuation process: a test for corroborating evidence
Gallimore, P. (1996) · Journal of Property Research · doi:10.1080/095999196368781 · Cited by 115
Modelling novice clinical reasoning for a computerized decision support system
O'Neill, E. S., Dluhy, N. M., & Chin, E. D. (2004) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03265.x · Cited by 116
Knowledge restructuring in expertise development: Evidence from pathophysiological representations of clinical cases by students and physicians
van de Wiel, M. W. J., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Schmidt, H. G. (2000) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440050114543 · Cited by 112
Reliability, validity and efficiency of multiple choice question and patient management problem item formats in assessment of clinical competence
Norcini, J. J., Swanson, D. B., Grosso, L. J., & WEBSTER, G. D. (1985) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1985.tb01314.x · Cited by 112
How can we test clinical reasoning?
van der Vleuten, C., & Newble, D. I. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90763-7 · Cited by 111
Where do hypotheses come from?
Dasgupta, I., Schulz, E., & Gershman, S. J. (2017) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.05.001 · Cited by 100
Tacit knowledge as the unifying factor in evidence based medicine and clinical judgement
Thornton, T. (2006) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/1747-5341-1-2 · Cited by 111
Prototypes and semantic qualifiers: from past to present
Bordage, G. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02919.x · Cited by 108
Government Learning
Etheredge, L. S. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9191-7_2 · Cited by 116
Thinking strategies used by Registered Nurses during emergency department triage
Göransson, K. E., Ehnfors, M., Fonteyn, M. E., & Ehrenberg, A. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04473.x · Cited by 110
Reliability and feasibility of measuring medical interviewing skills: the revised Maastricht History‐Taking and Advice Checklist
THIEL, J. V., Kraan, H. F., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (1991) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00055.x · Cited by 110
How student models of expertise and innovation impact the development of adaptive expertise in medicine
Mylopoulos, M., & Regehr, G. (2009) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03254.x · Cited by 112
Assessment of professionalism: A consolidation of current thinking
Goldie, J. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.714888 · Cited by 107
Do short cases elicit different thinking processes than factual knowledge questions do?
Schuwirth, L., Verheggen, M. M., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Dinant, G. (2001) · Medical Education · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00771.x · Cited by 104
Differences between medical students and doctors in memory for clinical cases
Patel, V. L., Groen, G. J., & Frederiksen, C. H. (1986) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01033.x · Cited by 104
Guidelines for assessing clinical competence
Newble, D. I., Dawson, B. K., Dauphinee, D. W., Page, G., Macdonald, M. M., Swanson, D. B., Mulholland, H., Thomson, A. N., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (1994) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401339409539680 · Cited by 98
Exploring situational awareness in diagnostic errors in primary care
Singh, H., Giardina, T. D., Petersen, L. A., Smith, M. W., Paul, L. W., Dismukes, K., Bhagwath, G., & Thomas, E. J. (2011) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000310 · Cited by 105
A Scientist-Practitioner Model of Psychological Assessment
Spengler, P. M., Strohmer, D. C., Dixon, D. N., & Shivy, V. A. (1995) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000095233009 · Cited by 104
Qualitative Simulation as Causal Explanation
Kuipers, B. J. (1987) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tsmc.1987.4309059 · Cited by 102
Probability judgment and subadditivity: The role of working memory capacity and constraining retrieval
Dougherty, M. R. P., & Hunter, J. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196449 · Cited by 102
Physicians' Use of Medical Knowledge Resources
Curley, S. P., Connelly, D. P., & Rich, E. C. (1990) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x9001000401 · Cited by 99
The Benefit of Diagnostic Hypotheses in Clinical Reasoning: Experimental Study of an Instructional Intervention for Forward and Backward Reasoning
Norman, G. R., Brooks, L. R., Colle, C. L., & Hatala, R. M. (1999) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1704_3 · Cited by 96
Promoting diagnostic problem representation
NENDAZ, M. R., & Bordage, G. (2002) · Medical Education · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01279.x · Cited by 99
Activating clinical inferences: A component of diagnostic reasoning in nursing
Westfall, U. E., Tanner, C. A., Dj, P., & Padrick, K. P. (1986) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770090403 · Cited by 96
Reasoning and Instruction in Medical Curricula
Patel, V. L., Groen, G. J., & Norman, G. R. (1993) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1004_2 · Cited by 97
Intentions and attention in exploratory health search
Cartright, M.-A., White, R. W., & Horvitz, E. (2011) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2009916.2009929 · Cited by 95
Eye Movements as an Index of Pathologist Visual Expertise: A Pilot Study
Brunyé, T. T., Carney, P. A., Allison, K. H., Shapiro, L. G., Weaver, D. L., & Elmore, J. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103447 · Cited by 94
Job Analysis and the Specification of Content for Licensure and Certification Examinations
Raymond, M. R. (2001) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1207/s15324818ame1404_4 · Cited by 94
When enough is enough: a conceptual basis for fair and defensible practice performance assessment
Schuwirth, L., Southgate, L. J., Page, G. G., Paget, N. S., Lescop, J., Lew, S. R., Wade, W. B., & Maldonado, M. B. (2002) · Medical Education · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01313.x · Cited by 95
Clinical reasoning difficulties: A taxonomy for clinical teachers
Audétat, M., Laurin, S., Sanche, G., Béïque, C., Fon, N. C., Blais, J., & Charlin, B. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.733041 · Cited by 103
Factors influencing reproducibility of tests using standardized patients
Swanson, D. B., & Norcini, J. J. (1989) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401338909539401 · Cited by 95
Essential Philosophy of Psychiatry
Thornton, T. (2007) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199228713.001.1 · Cited by 94
Teachers’ Decision Making: from Alan J. Bishop to Today
Borko, H., Roberts, S. A., & Shavelson, R. J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09673-5_4 · Cited by 111
The construction of medical disposals Medical sociology and medical problem solving in clinical practice.
Berg, M. (1992) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11343689 · Cited by 94
PCK: Its genesis and exodus
Daehler, K. R., Heller, J. I., & Wong, N. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315735665-6 · Cited by 93
The influence of medical expertise, case typicality, and illness script component on case processing and disease probability estimates
Custers, E. J. F. M., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Schmidt, H. G. (1996) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213301 · Cited by 91
The assessment and management of pain in patients with dementia in hospital settings: a multi-case exploratory study from a decision making perspective
Lichtner, V., Dowding, D., Allcock, N., Keady, J. D., Sampson, E. L., Briggs, M., Corbett, A., James, K., Lasrado, R., Swarbrick, C., et al. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1690-1 · Cited by 105
Critical thinking, biases and dual processing: The enduring myth of generalisable skills
Monteiro, S., Sherbino, J., Sibbald, M., & Norman, G. R. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13872 · Cited by 94
Multicultural Assessment:
Ridley, C. R., Li, L. C., & Hill, C. L. (1998) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000098266001 · Cited by 91
Fifty years of medical education research: waves of migration
Norman, G. R. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03921.x · Cited by 90
‘Science’, ‘critical thinking’ and ‘competence’ for Tomorrow’s Doctors . A review of terms and concepts
Maudsley, G., & Strivens, J. (2000) · Medical Education · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00428.x · Cited by 89
What role should investigative facts play in the evaluation of scientific evidence?
Thompson, W. C. (2011) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2010.541499 · Cited by 88
The role of attention and memory in accounting decisions
Birnberg, J. G., & Shields, M. D. (1984) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/0361-3682(84)90020-5 · Cited by 88
Additive factor method applied to psychopathology with special reference to childhood hyperactivity
Sergeant, J. A., & van der Meere, J. (1990) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90009-5 · Cited by 87
Content and Process in Clinical Decision‐Making by Nurse Practitioners
White, J. E., Nativio, D. G., Kobert, S. N., & Engberg, S. J. (1992) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1992.tb00241.x · Cited by 88

Authors: Elstein, A. S., Shulman, L. S., & Sprafka, S. A.
Venue: Harvard University Press eBooks
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Published: 1978-12-31
DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674189089
OpenAlex: W4298037799
Cited by: 1,377
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 5.65
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: clinical problem solving, clinical reasoning, diagnosis, clinical decision-making

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks