CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 194Autophagy in Disease and TherapyUbiquitin and proteasome pathwaysCalcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism

Autophagy: An emerging target for cancer therapy

Open access
Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Jäättelä, Marja·2008·Autophagy
DOI 10.4161/auto.5921
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a lysosomal catabolic pathway whereby cells recycle macromolecules and organelles. The capacity of autophagy to maintain cellular metabolism under starvation conditions and to remove damaged organelles under stress conditions improves the survival of cells. Yet, autophagy appears to suppress tumorigenesis. In this review we discuss recent data that begin to elucidate the molecular basis for this apparent controversy. First, we summarize our current knowledge on the autophagy-mediated control of both cell survival and cell death in general. Then, we highlight the common cancer-associated changes in autophagy induction, regulation and execution. And finally we discuss the potential of pro- as well as anti-autophagic signaling pathways as targets for future cancer therapy.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4161/auto.5921

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • HDAC10 is an emerging target for treatment of advanced-stage neuroblastoma.

    “As the suppression of autophagy to sustain the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs is a novel strategy for cancer chemotherapy3435, HDAC10 is an emerging target for the treatment of advanced-stage neuroblastoma32.”

    From Histone deacetylase 10 structure and molecular function as a polyamine deacetylase (2017) · cites this paper as [34]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 92

  1. Levine B, Klionsky DJ. Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biologi- cal functions of autophagy. Dev Cell 2004; 6:463-77.
  2. Høyer-Hansen M, Jaattela M. AMP-activated protein kinase: a universal regulator of autophagy? Autophagy 2007; 3:381-3.
  3. Meijer AJ, Codogno P. Signalling and autophagy regulation in health, aging and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2006; 27:411-25.
  4. Ohsumi Y. Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2:211-6.
  5. Tsukada M, Ohsumi Y. Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1993; 333:169-74.
  6. Boya P, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Casares N, Perfettini JL, Dessen P, Larochette N, Metivier D, Meley D, Souquere S, Yoshimori T, Pierron G, Codogno P, Kroemer G. Inhibition of mac- roautophagy triggers apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1025-40.
  7. Degenhardt K, Mathew R, Beaudoin B, Bray K, Anderson D, Chen G, Mukherjee C, Shi Y, Gelinas C, Fan Y, Nelson DA, Jin S, White E. Autophagy promotes tumor cell survival and restricts necrosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:51-64.
  8. Lum JJ, Bauer DE, Kong M, Harris MH, Li C, Lindsten T, Thompson CB. Growth factor regulation of autophagy and cell survival in the absence of apoptosis. Cell 2005; 120:237- 48.
  9. Rodriguez-Enriquez S, He L, Lemasters JJ. Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in mitochondrial autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2463-72.
  10. Bernales S, McDonald KL, Walter P. Autophagy counterbalances endoplasmic reticulum expansion during the unfolded protein response. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:423.
  11. Ravikumar B, Duden R, Rubinsztein DC. Aggregate-prone proteins with polyglutamine and polyalanine expansions are degraded by autophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:1107- 17.
  12. Iwata J, Ezaki J, Komatsu M, Yokota S, Ueno T, Tanida I, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Kominami E. Excess peroxisomes are degraded by autophagic machinery in mammals. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4035-41.
  13. Høyer-Hansen M, Jaattela M. Connecting endoplasmic reticulum stress to autophagy by unfolded protein response and calcium. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1576-82.
  14. Kuma A, Hatano M, Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Nakaya H, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y, Tokuhisa T and Mizushima N. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature 2004; 432:1032-6.
  15. Komatsu M, Waguri S, Ueno T, Iwata J, Murata S, Tanida I, Ezaki J, Mizushima N, Ohsumi Y, Uchiyama Y, Kominami E, Tanaka K, Chiba T. Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 2005; 169:425-34.
  16. Yue Z, Jin S, Yang C, Levine AJ, Heintz N. Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:15077-82.
  17. Qu X, Yu J, Bhagat G, Furuya N, Hibshoosh H, Troxel A, Rosen J, Eskelinen EL, Mizushima N, Ohsumi Y, Cattoretti G, Levine B. Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozy- gous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1809-20.
  18. Kirkegaard K, Taylor MP, Jackson WT. Cellular autophagy: surrender, avoidance and sub- version by microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:301-14.
  19. Ravikumar B, Vacher C, Berger Z, Davies JE, Luo S, Oroz LG, Scaravilli F, Easton DF, Duden R, O'Kane CJ, Rubinsztein DC. Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease. Nat Genet 2004; 36:585-95.
  20. Schweichel JU, Merker HJ. The morphology of various types of cell death in prenatal tis- sues. Teratology 1973; 7:253-66.
  21. Clarke PG. Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1990; 181:195-213.
  22. Kroemer G, El-Deiry WS, Golstein P, Peter ME, Vaux D, Vandenabeele P, Zhivotovsky B, Blagosklonny MV, Malorni W, Knight RA, Piacentini M, Nagata S, Melino G. Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1463-7.
  23. Tolkovsky AM, Xue L, Fletcher GC, Borutaite V. Mitochondrial disappearance from cells: a clue to the role of autophagy in programmed cell death and disease? Biochimie 2002; 84:233-40.
  24. Yu L, Alva A, Su H, Dutt P, Freundt E, Welsh S, Baehrecke EH, Lenardo MJ. Regulation of an ATG7-beclin 1 Program of Autophagic Cell Death by Caspase-8. Science 2004; 304:1500-2.
  25. Li C, Capan E, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Stolz D, Watkins SC, Jin S, Lu B. Autophagy is induced in CD4 + T cells and important for the growth factor-withdrawal cell death. J Immunol 2006; 177:5163-8.
  26. Crighton D, Wilkinson S, O'Prey J, Syed N, Smith P, Harrison PR, Gasco M, Garrone O, Crook T, Ryan KM. DRAM, a p53-induced modulator of autophagy, is critical for apop- tosis. Cell 2006; 126:121-34.
  27. Reef S, Zalckvar E, Shifman O, Bialik S, Sabanay H, Oren M, Kimchi A. A short mito- chondrial form of p19ARF induces autophagy and caspase-independent cell death. Mol Cell 2006; 22:463-75.
  28. Shimizu S, Kanaseki T, Mizushima N, Mizuta T, Arakawa-Kobayashi S, Thompson CB, Tsujimoto Y. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins in a non-apoptotic programmed cell death dependent on autophagy genes. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:1221-8.
  29. Pyo JO, Jang MH, Kwon YK, Lee HJ, Jun JI, Woo HN, Cho DH, Choi B, Lee H, Kim JH, Mizushima N, Oshumi Y, Jung YK. Essential roles of Atg5 and FADD in autophagic cell death: dissection of autophagic cell death into vacuole formation and cell death. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20722-9.
  30. Xu Y, Kim SO, Li Y, Han J. Autophagy contributes to caspase-independent macrophage cell death. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19179-87.
  31. Djavaheri Mergny M, Amelotti M, Mathieu J, Besancon F, Bauvy C, Souquere S, Pierron G, Codogno P. NF{kappa}B Activation Represses Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}-induced Autophagy. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30373-82.
  32. Kim KW, Mutter RW, Cao C, Albert JM, Freeman M, Hallahan DE, Lu B. Autophagy for cancer therapy through inhibition of proapoptotic proteins and mTOR signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36883-90.
  33. Yu L, Wan F, Dutta S, Welsh S, Liu Z, Freundt E, Baehrecke EH, Lenardo M. Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:4952-7.
  34. Berry DL, Baehrecke EH. Growth arrest and autophagy are required for salivary gland cell degradation in Drosophila. Cell 2007; 131:1137-48.
  35. Xue L, Fletcher GC, Tolkovsky AM. Mitochondria are selectively eliminated from eukary- otic cells after blockade of caspases during apoptosis. Curr Biol 2001; 11:361-5.
  36. Kroemer G, Jaattela M. Lysosomes and autophagy in cell death control. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5:886-97.
  37. Foghsgaard L, Wissing D, Mauch D, Lademann U, Bastholm L, Boes M, Elling F, Leist M, Jaattela M. Cathepsin B acts as a dominant execution protease in tumor cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:999-1010.
  38. Martelli AM, Tazzari PL, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Blalock WL, Billi AM, Manzoli L, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin module for acute myelogenous leukemia therapy: from bench to bedside. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14:2009-23.
  39. Mathew R, Karantza Wadsworth V, White E. Role of autophagy in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:961-7.
  40. Gozuacik D, Kimchi A. Autophagy as a cell death and tumor suppressor mechanism. Oncogene 2004; 23:2891-906.
  41. Scriven P, Brown NJ, Pockley AG, Wyld L. The unfolded protein response and cancer: a brighter future unfolding? J Mol Med 2007; 85:331-41.
  42. Moreno Sanchez R, Rodriguez Enriquez S, Marin Hernandez A, Saavedra E. Energy metabolism in tumor cells. Febs J 2007; 274:1393-418.
  43. Karantza Wadsworth V, Patel S, Kravchuk O, Chen G, Mathew R, Jin S, White E. Autophagy mitigates metabolic stress and genome damage in mammary tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1621-35.
  44. Mathew R, Kongara S, Beaudoin B, Karp CM, Bray K, Degenhardt K, Chen G, Jin S, White E. Autophagy suppresses tumor progression by limiting chromosomal instability. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1367-81.
  45. Marino G, Salvador Montoliu N, Fueyo A, Knecht E, Mizushima N, Lopez Otin C. Tissue-specific autophagy alterations and increased tumorigenesis in mice deficient in Atg4C/autophagin-3. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18573-83.
  46. Høyer-Hansen M, Bastholm L, Szyniarowski P, Campanella M, Szabadkai G, Farkas T, Bianchi K, Fehrenbacher N, Elling F, Rizzuto R, Mathiasen IS, Jaattela M. Control of macroautophagy by calcium, calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-beta, and Bcl-2. Mol Cell 2007; 25:193-205.
  47. Pattingre S, Tassa A, Qu X, Garuti R, Liang XH, Mizushima N, Packer M, Schneider MD, Levine B. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 2005; 122:927-39.
  48. Liang J, Shao SH, Xu ZX, Hennessy B, Ding Z, Larrea M, Kondo S, Dumont DJ, Gutterman JU, Walker CL, Slingerland JM, Mills GB. The energy sensing LKB1-AMPK pathway regulates p27(kip1) phosphorylation mediating the decision to enter autophagy or apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:218-24.
  49. Feng Z, Zhang H, Levine AJ, Jin S. The coordinate regulation of the p53 and mTOR pathways in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:8204-9.
  50. Liang C, Feng P, Ku B, Dotan I, Canaani D, Oh BH, Jung JU. Autophagic and tumour suppressor activity of a novel Beclin1-binding protein UVRAG. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:688-99.
  51. Schwarze PE, Seglen PO. Reduced autophagic activity, improved protein balance and enhanced in vitro survival of hepatocytes isolated from carcinogen-treated rats. Exp Cell Res 1985; 157:15-28.
  52. Alva AS, Gultekin SH, Baehrecke EH. Autophagy in human tumors: cell survival or death? Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:1046-8.
  53. Aita VM, Liang XH, Murty VV, Pincus DL, Yu W, Cayanis E, Kalachikov S, Gilliam TC, Levine B. Cloning and genomic organization of beclin 1, a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q21. Genomics 1999; 59:59-65.
  54. Høyer-Hansen M, Bastholm L, Mathiasen IS, Elling F, Jaattela M. Vitamin D analog EB1089 triggers dramatic lysosomal changes and Beclin 1-mediated autophagic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1297-309.
  55. Yousefi S, Perozzo R, Schmid I, Ziemiecki A, Schaffner T, Scapozza L, Brunner T, Simon HU. Calpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5 switches autophagy to apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:1124-32.
  56. Karin M, Greten FR. NFkappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer develop- ment and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:749-59.
  57. Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, Brown K, Kempkes B, Hibshoosh H, Levine B. Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 1999; 402:672-6.
  58. Marx J. Autophagy: is it cancer's friend or foe? Science 2006; 312:1160-1.
  59. Sloane BF, Yan S, Podgorski I, Linebaugh BE, Cher ML, Mai J, Cavallo-Medved D, Sameni M, Dosescu J, Moin K. Cathepsin B and tumor proteolysis: contribution of the tumor micro- environment. Semin Cancer Biol 2005; 15:149-57.
  60. Gocheva V, Joyce JA. Cysteine cathepsins and the cutting edge of cancer invasion. Cell Cycle 2007; 6:60-4.
  61. Fehrenbacher N, Gyrd-Hansen M, Poulsen B, Felbor U, Kallunki T, Boes M, Weber E, Leist M, Jaattela M. Sensitization to the lysosomal cell death pathway upon immortalization and transformation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5301-10.
  62. Eskelinen EL, Schmidt CK, Neu S, Willenborg M, Fuertes G, Salvador N, Tanaka Y, Lullmann Rauch R, Hartmann D, Heeren J, von Figura K, Knecht E, Saftig P. Disturbed cholesterol traffic but normal proteolytic function in LAMP-1/LAMP-2 double-deficient fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3132-45.
  63. Jager S, Bucci C, Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E, Saftig P, Eskelinen EL. Role for Rab7 in maturation of late autophagic vacuoles. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:4837-48.
  64. Munafo DB, Colombo MI. Induction of autophagy causes dramatic changes in the subcel- lular distribution of GFP-Rab24. Traffic 2002; 3:472-82.
  65. Lackner MR, Kindt RM, Carroll PM, Brown K, Cancilla MR, Chen C, de Silva H, Franke Y, Guan B, Heuer T, Hung T, Keegan K, Lee JM, Manne V, O'Brien C, Parry D, Perez Villar JJ, Reddy RK, Xiao H, Zhan H, Cockett M, Plowman G, Fitzgerald K, Costa M, Ross- Macdonald P. Chemical genetics identifies Rab geranylgeranyl transferase as an apoptotic target of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:325-36.
  66. Corcelle E, Nebout M, Bekri S, Gauthier N, Hofman P, Poujeol P, Fenichel P, Mograbi B. Disruption of autophagy at the maturation step by the carcinogen lindane is associated with the sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6861-70.
  67. Kisen GO, Tessitore L, Costelli P, Gordon PB, Schwarze PE, Baccino FM, Seglen PO. Reduced autophagic activity in primary rat hepatocellular carcinoma and ascites hepatoma cells. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:2501-5.
  68. Groth Pedersen L, Ostenfeld MS, Høyer-Hansen M, Nylandsted J, Jaattela M. Vincristine induces dramatic lysosomal changes and sensitizes cancer cells to lysosome-destabilizing siramesine. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2217-25.
  69. Ogata M, Hino SI, Saito A, Morikawa K, Kondo S, Kanemoto S, Murakami T, Taniguchi M, Tanii I, Yoshinaga K, Shiosaka S, Hammarback JA, Urano F, Imaizumi K. Autophagy is activated for cell survival after ER stress. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9220-31.
  70. Abedin MJ, Wang D, McDonnell MA, Lehmann U, Kelekar A. Autophagy delays apoptotic death in breast cancer cells following DNA damage. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:500-10.
  71. Luciani F, Spada M, De Milito A, Molinari A, Rivoltini L, Montinaro A, Marra M, Lugini L, Logozzi M, Lozupone F, Federici C, Iessi E, Parmiani G, Arancia G, Belardelli F, Fais S. Effect of proton pump inhibitor pretreatment on resistance of solid tumors to cytotoxic drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1702-13.
  72. Amaravadi RK, Yu D, Lum JJ, Bui T, Christophorou MA, Evan GI, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Thompson CB. Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc- induced model of lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:326-36.
  73. Bursch W, Ellinger A, Kienzl H, Torok L, Pandey S, Sikorska M, Walker R, Hermann RS. Active cell death induced by the anti-estrogens tamoxifen and ICI 164 384 in human mammary carcinoma cells (MCF-7) in culture: the role of autophagy. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17:1595-607.
  74. Kanzawa T, Kondo Y, Ito H, Kondo S, Germano I. Induction of autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by arsenic trioxide. Cancer Res 2003; 63:2103-8.
  75. Kanzawa T, Germano IM, Komata T, Ito H, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Role of autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:448-57.
  76. Buytaert E, Callewaert G, Hendrickx N, Scorrano L, Hartmann D, Missiaen L, Vandenheede JR, Heirman I, Grooten J, Agostinis P. Role of endoplasmic reticulum deple- tion and multidomain proapoptotic BAX and BAK proteins in shaping cell death after hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Faseb J 2006; 20:756-8.
  77. Tavera Mendoza L, Wang TT, Lallemant B, Zhang R, Nagai Y, Bourdeau V, Ramirez Calderon M, Desbarats J, Mader S, White JH. Convergence of vitamin D and retinoic acid signalling at a common hormone response element. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:180-5.
  78. Komata T, Kanzawa T, Takeuchi H, Germano IM, Schreiber M, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Antitumour effect of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16(INK4A), p18(INK4C), p19(INK4D), p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1)) on malignant glioma cells. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1277-80.
  79. Kanzawa T, Zhang L, Xiao L, Germano IM, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Arsenic trioxide induces autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by upregulation of mitochondrial cell death protein BNIP3. Oncogene 2005; 24:980-91.
  80. Opipari AW, Jr., Tan L, Boitano AE, Sorenson DR, Aurora A, Liu JR. Resveratrol-induced autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:696-703.
  81. Ravikumar B, Berger Z, Vacher C, O'Kane CJ, Rubinsztein DC. Rapamycin pre-treatment protects against apoptosis. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1209-16.
  82. Ostenfeld MS, Fehrenbacher N, Høyer-Hansen M, Thomsen C, Farkas T, Jaattela M. Effective tumor cell death by sigma-2 receptor ligand siramesine involves lysosomal leakage and oxidative stress. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8975-83.
  83. Demasters G, Di X, Newsham I, Shiu R, Gewirtz DA. Potentiation of radiation sensitiv- ity in breast tumor cells by the vitamin D3 analogue, EB 1089, through promotion of autophagy and interference with proliferative recovery. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2786-97.
  84. Chen Y, McMillan Ward E, Kong J, Israels SJ, Gibson SB. Oxidative stress induces autopha- gic cell death independent of apoptosis in transformed and cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:171-82.
  85. Walker DM, Urbe S, Dove SK, Tenza D, Raposo G, Clague MJ. Characterization of MTMR3. an inositol lipid 3-phosphatase with novel substrate specificity. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1600-5.
  86. Shao Y, Gao Z, Marks PA, Jiang X. Apoptotic and autophagic cell death induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:18030-5.
  87. Paglin S, Hollister T, Delohery T, Hackett N, McMahill M, Sphicas E, Domingo D, Yahalom J. A novel response of cancer cells to radiation involves autophagy and formation of acidic vesicles. Cancer Res 2001; 61:439-44.
  88. Nguyen TM, Subramanian IV, Kelekar A, Ramakrishnan S. Kringle 5 of human plasmino- gen, an angiogenesis inhibitor, induces both autophagy and apoptotic death in endothelial cells. Blood 2007; 109:4793-802.
  89. Ertmer A, Huber V, Gilch S, Yoshimori T, Erfle V, Duyster J, Elsasser HP, Schatzl HM. The anticancer drug imatinib induces cellular autophagy. Leukemia 2007; 21:936-42.
  90. Fujiwara K, Iwado E, Mills GB, Sawaya R, Kondo S, Kondo Y. Akt inhibitor shows anti- cancer and radiosensitizing effects in malignant glioma cells by inducing autophagy. Int J Oncol 2007; 31:753-60.
  91. Gills JJ, Lopiccolo J, Tsurutani J, Shoemaker RH, Best CJ, Abu Asab MS, Borojerdi J, Warfel NA, Gardner ER, Danish M, Hollander MC, Kawabata S, Tsokos M, Figg WD, Steeg PS, Dennis PA. Nelfinavir, A lead HIV protease inhibitor, is a broad-spectrum, anti- cancer agent that induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5183-94.
  92. Noda T, Ohsumi Y. Tor, a phosphatidylinositol kinase homologue, controls autophagy in yeast. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3963-6.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Høyer-Hansen, M., & Jäättelä, M.
Affiliations
Danish Cancer Society (DK)
ORCID
Jäättelä, Marja
Venue
Autophagy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2008-04-08
Volume
4
Issue
5
Pages
574-580
ISSN
  • 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
  • 1554-8635
DOI
10.4161/auto.5921
OpenAlex
W2095386620
Cited by
192
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
FWCI
2.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Autophagy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Kræftens Bekæmpelse
  • Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
  • National Research Foundation
  • Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
  • Novo Nordisk
  • Novo Nordisk Fonden
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
Keywords
macroautophagy, cancer therapy, lysosomal catabolism, carcinogenesis, cell survival, cell death, autophagy regulation, autophagy induction, organelle degradation
MeSH terms
Animals, Autophagy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Neoplasms

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review